
生物炭调节土壤物理性质影响春玉米灌浆速率
刘榕, 钟佳旺, 胡逸芸, 詹祥生, 董勤各, 冯浩
生物炭调节土壤物理性质影响春玉米灌浆速率
Biochar Affects the Filling Rate of Spring Maize by Regulating Soil Physical Properties
为揭示施加生物炭对土壤含水率、土壤结构和玉米籽粒灌浆过程的影响规律,以春玉米为供试作物进行田间定位试验。共设置BC0(0 t/hm2)、BC7.5(7.5 t/hm2)、BC15(15 t/hm2)和BC22.5(22.5 t/hm2) 4个生物炭施加量处理。结果表明:在一定范围内施加生物炭能够提高0~120 cm剖面土层的土壤含水率,但过量施加生物炭反而会减低土壤含水率;随生物炭施加量的增加,土壤容重呈下降趋势,孔隙度呈上升趋势;施加生物炭能够降低土壤固相体积分数,提高气相和液相体积分数,广义土壤结构指数(GSSI)随施炭量的增加而增大,土壤三相结构距离指数(STPSD)随施炭量的增加先减小后增大,均在BC7.5处理达到最优(94.94、7.92),同时土壤三相比偏离值R最小(11.21),三相比最接近理想状态;与BC0处理相比,各施炭处理延长到达灌浆速率最大的时间1.341~1.783 d,最大灌浆速率降低1.416~2.168 g/d,平均灌浆速率提高0.081~0.124 g/d,灌浆活跃期增加5.703~7.347 d,灌浆有效期增加1.704~2.266 d;施加生物炭主要是通过提高春玉米各阶段的灌浆速率,延长各阶段的持续时间、灌浆活跃期和灌浆有效期,实现灌浆质量的提高。从经济效益和农业可持续发展的角度考虑,15 t/hm2是更为合理、有效的生物炭施加量。
In order to reveal the effect of biochar application on soil moisture content, soil structure and grain filling process of maize, a field experiment was conducted with spring maize as the test crop. Four biochar dosages were set up: BC0(0 t/hm2), BC7.5(7.5 t/hm2), BC15(15 t/hm2) and BC22.5(22.5 t/hm2). The results showed that the application of biochar within a certain range could increase the soil moisture content of 0-120 cm soil layer, but excessive application of biochar would decrease the soil moisture content. With the increase of biochar application, the soil bulk density decreased and the porosity increased. The application of biochar can reduce the solid phase volume fraction of soil and increase the gas phase and liquid phase volume fraction of soil. The generalized soil structure index (GSSI) increases with the increase of carbon application amount, and the soil three-phase structure distance index (STPSD) first decreases and then increases with the increase of carbon application amount, reaching the optimal value in BC7.5 treatment (94.94, 7.92). At the same time, the deviation value R of the soil is the smallest (11.21), and the three-phase comparison is the closest to the ideal state. Compared with BC0 treatment, each carbon treatment extended the time to reach the maximum grouting rate by 1.341~1.783 d, the maximum grouting rate decreased by 1.416~2.168 g/d, the average grouting rate increased by 0.081~0.124 g/d, and the active period of grouting increased by 5.703~7.347 d. Grouting validity increased 1.704~2.266 d; The application of biochar is mainly to improve the grouting quality of spring maize by increasing the grouting rate of each stage, extending the duration of each stage, active period of grouting and effective period of grouting. From the perspective of economic benefits and sustainable agricultural development, 15 t/hm2 is a more reasonable and effective biochar application.
生物炭 / 春玉米 / 土壤结构 / Logistic模型 / 籽粒灌浆 / 土壤物理性质 {{custom_keyword}} /
biochar / spring corn / soil structure / Logistic model / grain filling / soil physical property {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 生物炭基本理化性质Tab.1 Basic physical and chemical properties of biochar |
类型 | 热解 温度/ ℃ | 全氮 质量比/ (g·kg-1) | 全钾 质量比/(g·kg-1) | 比表 面积/ (m2·g-1) | pH | 含碳量/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
玉米 秸秆炭 | 400 | 12.87 | 1.97 | 76.9 | 8.5 | 76 |
图2 不同处理土壤含水率的变化Fig.2 Changes of soil moisture content under different treatments |
表2 不同处理土壤三相比例、土壤三相比偏离值(R)、土壤三相结构距离指数(STPSD)和广义土壤结构系数(GSSI)Tab.2 Soil three-phase ratio, soil three-comparison deviation (R), soil three-phase structural distance index (STPSD) and generalized soil structure coefficient (GSSI) under different treatments |
处理 | XS /% | XL /% | XG /% | R | STPSD | GSSI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC0 | 59.8a | 14.3d | 25.9b | 14.51a | 10.26a | 91.27d |
BC7.5 | 57.5b | 16.8a | 25.7b | 11.21c | 7.92c | 94.94a |
BC15 | 53.5c | 15.7b | 30.8a | 11.52c | 8.15c | 94.19b |
BC22.5 | 53.0c | 15.2c | 31.8a | 12.35b | 8.73b | 93.33c |
图6 不同处理玉米灌浆Logistic方程拟合曲线Fig.6 Fitting curves of Logistic equation for corn groutingunder different treatments |
表3 不同处理下Logistic模型参数Tab.3 Logistic model parameters under different treatments |
处理 | A/g | B | K | R 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
BC0 | 28.417c | 52.406 | 0.198 | 0.997 |
BC7.5 | 31.249b | 35.031 | 0.167 | 0.996 |
BC15 | 32.754a | 32.137 | 0.160 | 0.994 |
BC22.5 | 32.303a | 34.033 | 0.162 | 0.995 |
表4 不同处理下春玉米籽粒灌浆参数Tab.4 Grain filling parameters of spring corn under different treatments |
处理 | TG max/ d | WG max/ mg | G max/ (g·d-1) | G mean/ (g·d-1) | D/ d | T/ d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC0 | 19.969c | 14.209c | 1.409a | 0.812c | 30.263b | 20.393c |
BC7.5 | 21.318b | 15.625b | 1.303b | 0.893b | 35.967a | 22.057b |
BC15 | 21.752a | 16.377a | 1.306b | 0.936a | 37.610a | 22.589a |
BC22.5 | 21.727a | 16.151a | 1.311b | 0.923a | 36.957a | 22.507a |
表5 不同处理下春玉米籽粒灌浆各阶段持续时间及其灌浆速率Tab.5 Duration and filling rate of spring corn grain at eachstage under different treatments |
处理 | T 1/ d | V 1/ (g·d-1) | T 2/ d | V 2/ (g·d-1) | T 3/ d | V 3/ (g·d-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC0 | 13.325b | 0.451d | 13.293b | 1.235a | 16.544b | 0.346a |
BC7.5 | 13.423b | 0.492c | 15.806a | 1.143a | 19.671a | 0.320a |
BC15 | 13.497ab | 0.513a | 16.530a | 1.145a | 20.573a | 0.321a |
BC22.5 | 13.615a | 0.502b | 16.243a | 1.150a | 20.215a | 0.322a |
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