
风沙土膜下滴灌氮肥运筹对玉米生长、干物质和产量的影响
顾桂栋, 窦超银, 孟维忠, 佟威, 陈伟, 胡倩
风沙土膜下滴灌氮肥运筹对玉米生长、干物质和产量的影响
Effects of Nitrogen Application of Drip Irrigation Under Mulch on Growth,Dry Matter and Yield of Maize in Aeolian Sandy Soil
为风沙土地区精准、高效地实施玉米膜下滴灌施肥管理提供科学依据。以玉米为供试作物,进行田间试验。在推荐施氮量300 kg/hm2下,设置5个不同时期氮肥配比,分别为常规施肥(F1:基肥、拔节肥质量比为1∶2),兼顾拔节和粒肥(F2:基肥、拔节肥、粒肥质量比为1∶1∶1),均匀施肥(F3:基肥、苗期肥、拔节肥、穗肥、粒肥质量比为2∶1∶1∶1∶1),重拔节肥(F4:基肥、拔节肥、穗肥、粒肥质量比为2∶2∶1∶1),攻粒肥(F5:基肥、拔节肥、穗肥、粒肥质量比为2∶1∶1∶2)。分析膜下滴灌不同时期氮肥配比对玉米生长指标、干物质质量和产量的影响。F1处理玉米生育期叶绿素含量最高,生育后期茎秆、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量下降幅度最大,F2处理玉米各项生长指标一般,F3处理玉米植株最高,叶面积指数最大,F4处理玉米获得较粗壮的茎秆,F5处理玉米前期株高和叶面积指数较小,后期茎粗和叶面积指数减少最少;拔节期F3处理干物质显著高于F1、F4和F5处理,穗期F2处理穗轴干物质占比最小,灌浆期各处理籽粒占比从大到小依次为F3、F4、F5、F1和F2;F3处理产量和WUE均最高,分别为12.3 t/hm2和2.16 kg/m3。综合考虑玉米生长、干物质质量、产量和水分利用效率,推荐在辽西北风沙土地区玉米滴灌水肥一体化种植模式下均匀施肥为最佳氮肥运筹。
In order to provide scientific basis for precise and efficient fertilization management of maize under drip irrigation in aeolian sandy soil area, the field experiment was conducted with corn as the test crop. Under the recommended nitrogen application rate of 300 kg/hm2, five nitrogen fertilizer ratios were set at different stages, including conventional fertilization (F1, the mass ratio of base fertilizer to jointing fertilizer was 1∶2), taking into account jointing and grain fertilizer (F2, the mass ratio of base fertilizer to jointing fertilizer to grain fertilizer was 1∶1∶1), uniform fertilization (F3, the mass ratio of base fertilizer to seedling fertilizer to jointing fertilizer to panicle fertilizer to grain fertilizer was 2∶1∶1∶1∶1), heavy jointing fertilizer (F4, the mass ratio of base fertilizer to jointing fertilizer to ear fertilizer and grain fertilizer was 2∶2∶1∶1), and attack grain fertilizer (F5, the mass ratio of base fertilizer to jointing fertilizer to ear fertilizer to grain fertilizer was 2∶1∶1∶2). The effects of nitrogen fertilizer ratio on growth index, dry matter quality and yield of maize were analyzed. The results showed that the chlorophyll content of F1 treatment was the highest at growth stage, and the stem, leaf area index and chlorophyll content decreased the most at later growth stage. The growth indexes of F2 treatment were general. The plant height and leaf area index of F3 treatment were the highest, and the leaf area index was the largest. Corn in F4 treatment obtained stronger stem. The plant height and leaf area index of F5 treatment were smaller at early growth stage, and the stem diameter and leaf area index decreased the least at later growth stage; The dry matter of F3 treatment at jointing stage was significantly higher than that of F1, F4 and F5 treatment, and the proportion of dry matter in rachis of F2 treatment at panicle stage was the smallest; At the filling stage, the grain proportions of each treatment were F3, F4, F5, F1 and F2 in descending order; the yield and WUE of F3 treatment were the highest, which were 12.3 t/hm2 and 2.16 kg/m3 respectively. Considering the growth, dry matter quality, yield and water use efficiency of maize, it is recommended that uniform fertilization is the best way of nitrogen management under the integrated planting mode of drip irrigation, water and fertilizer for maize in Northwest Liaoning sandy soil area.
氮肥运筹 / 滴灌 / 风沙土 / 水肥一体化 / 产量 / 水分利用效率 {{custom_keyword}} /
nitrogen application / drip irrigation / aeolian sandy soil / fertigation / yield / water use efficiency {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 玉米生育期内灌水日期与累计灌溉水量 (mm)Tab.1 Irrigation date and accumulated irrigation water quantity in maize growth period |
处理 | 06-22 | 06-28 | 07-04 | 07-10 | 07-15 | 07-20 | 07-25 | 07-31 | 08-10 | 08-20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α=0.8 | 18.65 | 24.88 | 45.25 | 50.84 | 65.36 | 82.56 | 116.74 | 130.76 | 146.78 | 159.42 |
表2 玉米生育期内施肥日期与施肥量 (kg/hm2)Tab.2 Date and amount of fertilizer application in maize growth period |
处理 | 苗期 | 拔节期 | 穗期 | 灌浆期 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
06-22 | 06-28 | 07-04 | 07-10 | 07-15 | 07-20 | 07-25 | 07-31 | 08-10 | 08-20 | |
F1 | 100 | 100 | ||||||||
F2 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 50 | ||||
F3 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | ||
F4 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | ||
F5 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 50 | 50 |
图6 不同氮肥运筹对地上部干物质质量的影响Fig.6 Effects of different nitrogen application strategies on shoot dry matter quality |
表3 不同氮肥运筹对玉米产量及产量构成性状的影响Tab.3 Effects of different nitrogen application on Yield and yield components of maize |
处理 | 穗重/g | 穗长/cm | 穗粗/mm | 秃尖长/cm | 穗行数/行 | 穗行粒数/粒 | 总穗粒数/粒 | 百粒质量/g | 产量/(t·hm-2) | WUE/(kg·m-3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 380.9±17.7a | 21.2±0.9a | 49.8±0.8a | 1.3±0.6a | 16.0±0.9a | 37.3±2.0a | 580.2±35.3a | 53.2±2.0a | 12.2±0.6a | 2.15±0.10a |
F2 | 376.4±30.2a | 20.8±0.5a | 49.0±0.9a | 1.5±0.6a | 17.0±0.7a | 38.2±1.5a | 633.3±38.9a | 46.3±2.4b | 11.9±1.0a | 2.09±0.17a |
F3 | 382.9±24.0a | 20.9±0.8a | 50.8±0.7a | 1.5±0.6a | 17.0±0.7a | 36.3±2.2a | 649.5±35.9a | 49.5±1.4ab | 12.3±0.8a | 2.16±0.13a |
F4 | 375.2±21.0a | 20.8±1.2a | 49.7±0.8a | 1.2±0.7a | 15.3±1.1a | 39.3±2.0a | 592.2±45.2a | 52.1±2.4ab | 12.0±0.7a | 2.12±0.13a |
F5 | 367.6±21.0a | 20.6±1.1a | 49.7±1.4a | 0.8±0.5a | 15.7±0.6a | 37.3±1.5a | 572.5±40.3a | 50.2±2.7ab | 11.9±0.6a | 2.10±0.10a |
1 |
王旭,孙兆军,杨军,等.几种节水灌溉新技术应用现状与研究进展[J].节水灌溉,2016 (10) :109-112,116.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
2 |
戚迎龙,史海滨,李瑞平,等.滴灌水肥一体化条件下覆膜对玉米生长及土壤水肥热的影响[J].农业工程学报,2019,35 (5):99-110.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
3 |
肖洪浪,李福兴,龚家栋,等.中国沙漠和沙地的资源优势与农业发展[J]. 中国沙漠,1999 (3):3-5.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
4 |
邢英英,张富仓,张燕,等.滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、品质和水氮利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48 (4):713-726
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
5 |
严富来,张富仓,范兴科,等.水氮互作对宁夏沙土春玉米产量与氮素吸收利用的影响[J].农业机械学报,2020,51 (7):283-293.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
6 |
王激清,马文奇,江荣风,等.我国水稻、小麦、玉米基肥和追肥用量及比例分析[J].土壤通报,2008 (2):329-333.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
7 |
战秀梅,李亭亭,韩晓日,等.不同施肥方式对春玉米产量、效益及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17 (4):861-868.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
8 |
赵士诚,裴雪霞,何萍,等.氮肥减量后移对土壤氮素供应和夏玉米氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16 (2):492-497.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
9 |
张福锁,江荣风,陈新平,等.测土配方施肥技术要览[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2006.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
10 |
张鹏飞,张翼飞,王玉凤,等.膜下滴灌氮肥分期追施量对玉米氮效率及土壤氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24 (4):915-926.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
11 |
王进斌,谢军红,李玲玲,等.氮肥运筹对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响[J].草业学报,2019,28 (1):60-69.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
12 |
邰书静,薛吉全,张仁和,等.不同时期氮肥配比对饲用玉米产量和品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2006 (1):56-59,99.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
13 |
窦超银,王鼎新,孟维忠,等.风沙土玉米滴灌氮肥适宜用量试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2019,38 (11):16-21.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
14 |
陈玉明,郭国双,王广兴,等.中国主要作物需水量和灌溉[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1995.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
15 |
王鼎新,窦超银,孟维忠,等.风沙土玉米膜下滴灌灌溉制度试验研究[J].节水灌溉,2019 (8):34-38.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
16 |
赵洪祥,边少锋,孙宁,等.氮肥运筹对玉米氮素动态变化和氮肥利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20 (3):122-129.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
17 |
王忠孝,高学曾,滕世云.玉米生理[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1987.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
18 |
侯云鹏,杨建,尹彩侠,等.氮肥后移对春玉米产量、氮素吸收利用及土壤氮素供应的影响[J].玉米科学,2019,27 (2):146-154.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
19 |
王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37 (2):339-347.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
20 |
侯云鹏,孔丽丽,杨建,等.氮肥运筹对春玉米产量、养分吸收和转运的影响[J].玉米科学,2016,24 (4):137-143.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
21 |
李二珍,靳存旺,闫洪,等.氮肥分次施用比例对春玉米光合速率及产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2017 (5):12-16.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
22 |
张建军,樊廷录,党翼,等.密度与氮肥运筹对陇东旱塬全膜双垄沟播春玉米产量及生理指标的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48 (22):4 574-4 584.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
{{custom_ref.label}} |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
/
〈 |
|
〉 |