
陕西省汉江流域2000-2015年土壤侵蚀时空分异特征研究
张玉, 张用川, 陈林
陕西省汉江流域2000-2015年土壤侵蚀时空分异特征研究
Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Soil Erosion in Hanjiang River Basin of Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2015
汉江流域是我国南水北调中线工程的水源地,研究陕西汉江流域土壤侵蚀对我国南水北调工程有着重要意义,研究结果还可为当地政府水土保持工程提供理论依据。本研究运用RUSLE模型和GIS相结合的方法,利用流域及其附近区域8个气象站点2000-2015年逐日降水量数据、90 m分辨率DEM数据、250 m分辨率MODIS NDVI数据和土壤类型图,计算陕西省境内汉江流域的土壤侵蚀模数,并从时间和空间两个维度对土壤侵蚀分异特征进行分析。研究结果表明:①在时间上,研究区年平均土壤侵蚀模数在2000-2015年变化波动较大,其中2000-2011年波动上升,在于2011-2015年波动下降;在空间上,土壤侵蚀模数高值主要分布在流域的北部和东南部的高山丘陵地带,低值分布在流域的中部平原和盆地地区;②研究区土壤侵蚀主要为微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀,其中微度侵蚀和轻度侵蚀呈下降趋势,其他强度的土壤侵蚀呈较弱的上升趋势;③流域内西北部样区土壤侵蚀以微度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,东北部样区以极强烈侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀为主,东南部样区以微度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,此外,镇巴、紫阳、岚皋、旬阳、白河和镇坪的土壤侵蚀模数较高,需得到相关部门的重视,改善其土壤侵蚀状况;有针对性地退耕还林还草,建立生态保护区,定点实施水利工程,保持水土依然是未来减少土壤侵蚀的有效措施。
Hanjiang River Basin is the water source for the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The research on soil erosion in Hanjiang River Basin of Shaanxi Province is of great significance to the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. Moreover, the research results can also provide a theoretical basis for the soil and water conservation project of the local government. In this paper, RUSLE model and GIS are used to calculate the soil erosion modulus of Hanjiang River Basin in Shaanxi Province by using the daily precipitation data from 8 meteorological stations from 2000 to 2015, DEM data with 90 m resolution, MODIS NDVI data with 250 m resolution and soil type maps data. Then, differential characteristics of the soil erosion are analyzed from two dimensions of time and space. Results show that: ① during 2000-2015, the annual average soil erosion modulus of the study area fluctuated greatly, which increased in 2000-2011 and decreased in 2011-2015. In space, the high value of soil erosion modulus was mainly distributed in the north and southeast of the basin, while the low value was distributed in the central plain and basin of the basin. ② The soil erosion in the study area was mainly micro erosion, mild erosion and moderate erosion, in which the micro-erosion and mild erosion showed a downward trend, while the other intensity of soil erosion showed a weak upward trend. ③ The soil erosion in the northwest sample area was mainly micro-erosion and moderate erosion, in the Northeast sample area is mainly very strong erosion and severe erosion, and in the southeast sample area is mainly micro-erosion and moderate erosion. In addition, the soil erosion modulus in Counties of Zhenba, Ziyang, Langao, Xunyang, Baihe and Zhenping is relatively high, which should be paid attention to by relevant departments to improve their soil erosion status. Returning farmland to forest and grassland in a targeted manner, establishing ecological protection zones, implementing water conservancy projects at designated locations, and maintaining water and soil are still effective measures to reduce soil erosion in the future.
GIS / RUSLE模型 / 土壤侵蚀 / 时空变化 / 陕西省汉江流域 {{custom_keyword}} /
GIS / RUSLE model / soil erosion / spatial and temporal change / Han River Basin, Shaanxi Province {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 土壤侵蚀强度分级Tab.1 Classification of soil erosion intensity |
等级 | 土壤侵蚀模数/(t·km-2·a-1) |
---|---|
微度侵蚀 | 0~500 |
轻度侵蚀 | 500~2 500 |
中度侵蚀 | 2 500~5 000 |
强烈侵蚀 | 5 000~8 000 |
极强烈侵蚀 | 8 000~15 000 |
剧烈侵蚀 | >15 000 |
表2 各区县土壤侵蚀模数 (t/(km2·a))Tab.2 Soil erosion modulus of each district and county |
区县 | 2000年 | 2005年 | 2005-2000年 | 2010年 | 2010-2005年 | 2015年 | 2015-2010年 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
凤县 | 2 179.19 | 2 286.70 | 107.51 | 2 501.01 | 214.31 | 2 090.16 | -410.85 |
太白县 | 2 197.54 | 2 359.59 | 162.06 | 2 592.53 | 232.94 | 2 320.62 | -271.92 |
汉台区 | 1 590.11 | 1 432.60 | -157.51 | 1 630.63 | 198.03 | 1 318.19 | -312.44 |
南郑县 | 1 787.43 | 1 691.81 | -95.62 | 1 909.81 | 218.00 | 1 486.32 | -423.49 |
勉县 | 2 011.81 | 2 338.82 | 327.01 | 2 531.22 | 192.40 | 1 750.66 | -780.56 |
宁强县 | 2 172.91 | 2 860.85 | 687.94 | 3 002.85 | 142.01 | 1 921.75 | -1 081.10 |
略阳县 | 2 553.22 | 4 178.26 | 1 625.04 | 4 386.59 | 208.33 | 2 428.53 | -1 958.06 |
留坝县 | 3 267.09 | 3 460.77 | 193.68 | 3 773.24 | 312.47 | 2 976.57 | -796.67 |
周至县 | 1 961.30 | 2 277.73 | 316.43 | 2 541.28 | 263.55 | 2 505.11 | -36.17 |
城固县 | 2 268.18 | 2 228.99 | -39.19 | 4 498.34 | 2 269.35 | 2 041.03 | -2457.31 |
洋县 | 2 421.45 | 2 664.77 | 243.31 | 3 591.93 | 927.16 | 2 657.20 | -934.73 |
西乡县 | 3 519.43 | 3 596.83 | 77.40 | 3 338.84 | -257.99 | 2 625.80 | -713.04 |
佛坪县 | 2 669.94 | 3 129.68 | 459.74 | 3 609.66 | 479.97 | 3 886.38 | 276.72 |
长安区 | 2 306.22 | 2 885.84 | 579.62 | 2 563.83 | -322.01 | 2 006.73 | -557.10 |
镇巴县 | 5 580.15 | 5 976.54 | 396.39 | 5 559.83 | -416.72 | 3 976.22 | -1 583.60 |
汉阴县 | 3 303.76 | 4 471.47 | 1 167.70 | 3 060.11 | -1 411.36 | 2 069.55 | -990.56 |
石泉县 | 4 099.02 | 4 491.57 | 392.54 | 3 351.75 | -1 139.82 | 2 656.33 | -695.42 |
宁陕县 | 3 085.17 | 3 634.35 | 549.18 | 3 409.56 | -224.79 | 2 987.15 | -422.41 |
商州区 | 1 887.48 | 1 980.60 | 93.12 | 1 794.45 | -186.15 | 1 236.32 | -558.13 |
商南县 | 2 824.17 | 3 000.52 | 176.35 | 3 060.29 | 59.78 | 1 924.20 | -1 136.09 |
山阳县 | 3 129.54 | 3 521.24 | 391.70 | 3 221.22 | -300.03 | 2 121.29 | -1 099.92 |
镇安县 | 3 449.03 | 4 772.20 | 1 323.17 | 3 689.56 | -1082.64 | 2 595.66 | -1 093.90 |
柞水县 | 2 298.37 | 3 115.38 | 817.01 | 2 439.04 | -676.34 | 1 753.52 | -685.52 |
汉滨区 | 3 386.68 | 3 467.37 | 80.68 | 4 134.50 | 667.13 | 1 951.44 | -2 183.06 |
紫阳县 | 4 843.92 | 3 730.60 | -1 113.32 | 4 490.83 | 760.23 | 3 090.60 | -1 400.23 |
岚皋县 | 4 826.43 | 4 702.77 | -123.66 | 5 929.02 | 1 226.26 | 2 884.45 | -3 044.58 |
平利县 | 3 847.08 | 3 088.02 | -759.06 | 4 343.39 | 1 255.37 | 2 270.89 | -2 072.50 |
镇坪县 | 3 954.89 | 4 041.43 | 86.54 | 4 919.73 | 878.31 | 2 579.17 | -2 340.57 |
旬阳县 | 4 764.04 | 5 030.77 | 266.73 | 5 887.37 | 856.61 | 2 875.74 | -3 011.63 |
白河县 | 4 164.49 | 4 306.52 | 142.03 | 4 990.93 | 684.41 | 2 655.10 | -2 335.83 |
表3 2000、2005、2010和2015年各区县土壤侵蚀等级Tab.3 Soil erosion grades of different districts and counties in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 |
土壤侵蚀等级 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|
微度侵蚀 | ||||
轻度侵蚀 | 洋县、长安区、柞水、城固、太白、凤县、宁强、勉县、周至、商州区、南郑和汉台区 | 太白、勉县、凤县、周至、城固、商州区、南郑和汉台区 | 柞水、南郑、商州区和汉台区 | 略阳、太白、平利、山阳、凤县、汉阴、城固、长安区、汉滨区、商南、宁强、柞水、勉县、南郑、汉台区和商州区 |
中度侵蚀 | 紫阳、岚皋、旬阳、白河、石泉、镇坪、平利、西乡、镇安、汉滨区、汉阴、留坝、山阳、宁陕、商南、佛坪和略阳 | 镇安、岚皋、石泉、汉阴、白河、略阳、镇坪、紫阳、宁陕、西乡、山阳、汉滨区、留坝、佛坪、柞水、平利、商南、长安区、宁强和洋县 | 白河、镇坪、城固、紫阳、略阳、平利、汉滨区、留坝、镇安、佛坪、洋县、宁陕、石泉、西乡、山阳、商南、汉阴、宁强、太白、长安区、周至、勉县和凤县 | 镇巴、佛坪、紫阳、宁陕、留坝、岚皋、旬阳、洋县、石泉、白河、西乡、镇安、镇坪和 周至 |
强烈侵蚀 | 镇巴县 | 镇巴和旬阳 | 岚皋、旬阳、镇巴 | |
极强烈侵蚀 | ||||
剧烈侵蚀 |
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