
氮肥运筹对砂壤土麦田土壤水氮分布和利用的影响
袁浩, 王继唯, 张世卿, 马阳, 张帆, 彭正萍, 夏辉, 李旭光
氮肥运筹对砂壤土麦田土壤水氮分布和利用的影响
Effect of Nitrogen Application on Distribution and Utilization of Soil Water and Nitrogen in Ssandy Loam Wheat Field
为解决河北省黑龙港区砂壤质氮肥施用问题,分别设置不施氮肥T1,总施氮量为240 kg/hm2氮肥基追比T2(3∶7)、T3(4∶6)、T4(5∶5)、T6(6∶4)和T6(7∶3)处理。研究小麦水氮利用效率以及土壤含水量、贮水量、氮素动态变化规律。结果表明,砂壤质土壤氮肥基追比3∶7的处理水分利用效率、氮肥生产效率最高,分别为21.00 kg/(hm2·mm)和24.36 kg/kg。土壤含水量随土层深度增加而增加,在60~80 cm聚集。氮肥基追比3∶7的处理土壤贮水量、NH4 +-N、NO3 --N在小麦生育期都有较高值,可以为小麦生长发育提供充足水分和氮素营养。在小麦拔节期0~100 cm土层中NO3 --N累积量最大,NO3 --N有向下淋溶的风险,但是随着小麦生长NO3 --N累积量逐渐减少。因此选用氮肥基追比为3∶7相对较为合理。
In order to solve the problem of applying nitrogen fertilizer in sandy soil in Heilonggang Area of Hebei Province, no nitrogen fertilizer is applied, and the total nitrogen application rate is 240 kg/hm2 nitrogen base-topdressing ratio treatments at 3∶7, 4∶6, 5∶5, 6∶4 and 7∶3, respectively. The water and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat and the dynamic changes of soil water content, water storage and nitrogen are studied. The results show that the highest water use efficiency (Wue) and nitrogen production efficiency (Nue) of sandy soil at 3∶7 are 21.00 kg/(hm2·mm) and 24.36 kg/kg, respectively. Soil water content increases with the increase in soil depth and accumulates at 60~80 cm. The soil water storage, NH4 +-N and NO3 --N of the treatment with nitrogen base-topdressing ratio of 3∶7 had higher values in the growth period of wheat, which could provide sufficient water and nitrogen nutrition for the growth and development of wheat. The accumulation of NO3 --N is the highest in 0~100 cm soil layer at jointing stage, and there is a risk of downward leaching of NO3 --N, but the accumulation of NO3 --N decreases with the growth of wheat. Therefore, it is relatively reasonable to choose the nitrogen fertilizer base-topdressing ratio of 3∶7.
冬小麦 / 氮肥基追比 / 砂壤质土壤 / 土壤水氮分布 / 水氮利用效率 {{custom_keyword}} /
winter wheat / nitrogen base topdressing ratio / sandy soil / soil water and nitrogen distribution / water and nitrogen use efficiency {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 供试土壤0~20 cm基础化学性状Tab.1 Basic physical and chemical properties of tested soil |
土壤 质地 | pH | 有机质/ (g·kg-1) | 铵态氮/ (mg·kg-1) | 硝态氮/ (mg·kg-1) | 有效磷/ (mg·kg-1) | 速效钾/ (mg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
砂壤质 | 8.06 | 13.0 | 2.3 | 22.8 | 5.2 | 161.3 |
表2 供试土壤0~100 cm土层物理性状Tab.2 Soil texture 0~100 cm soil layer basic physical properties |
土层/ cm | 机械组成/% | 容重/ (g·cm-3) | 田间持水量 (质量含水量)/ % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
黏粒 | 粉粒 | 砂粒 | |||
0~20 | 1.7 | 34.6 | 63.7 | 1.53 | 25.8 |
20~40 | 1.8 | 17.7 | 80.5 | 1.69 | 24.5 |
40~60 | 2.2 | 28.7 | 69.1 | 1.63 | 25.7 |
60~80 | 3.5 | 36 | 60.5 | 1.56 | 25.3 |
80~100 | 1.9 | 27.4 | 70.7 | 1.63 | 26.3 |
表3 试验处理及其对应施肥量Tab.3 Test treatment and corresponding fertilization amount |
氮肥施用方式 | 处理代号 | 施肥量/(kg·hm-2) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
纯氮总量 | 基肥 | 追肥 | 磷肥 (P2O5) | 钾肥 (K2O) | ||
不施氮肥 | T1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 105 | 135 |
基追比3∶7 | T2 | 240 | 72 | 168 | 105 | 135 |
基追比4∶6 | T3 | 240 | 96 | 144 | 105 | 135 |
基追比5∶5 | T4 | 240 | 120 | 120 | 105 | 135 |
基追比6∶4 | T5 | 240 | 144 | 96 | 105 | 135 |
基追比7∶3 | T6 | 240 | 168 | 72 | 105 | 135 |
表4 小麦水分利用效率和氮肥生产效率Tab.4 Water use efficiency and nitrogen production efficiency of Wheat |
处理 | 水分利用效率/ (kg·hm-2·mm-1) | 氮肥生产效率/ (kg·kg-1) |
---|---|---|
T1 | 14.85b | - |
T2 | 21.00a | 24.36a |
T3 | 19.79a | 22.74ab |
T4 | 19.90a | 21.93abc |
T5 | 17.26ab | 18.69bc |
T6 | 15.44b | 17.80c |
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