
不同降雨特征对径流过程的影响研究
朱奎, 强思远, 母小苗, 刘唐琼, 李杰
不同降雨特征对径流过程的影响研究
Influence of Different Rainfall Characteristics on Runoff Process
降雨是影响坡面产流的重要因素,不同的降雨特征会影响降雨径流过程。为探究降雨雨型和降雨峰值因素耦合对坡面径流过程的影响,设计了两组降雨雨型,其峰值分别落在整个降雨过程的前期和后期,进行了降雨径流模拟试验,构建了基于运动波模型的坡面径流数学模型,开展了相应的降雨径流过程数值模拟,分析了径流特征值随降雨特征的变化规律。结果表明:随着降雨峰值增大,两种雨型产生的径流总量和径流峰值均以指数形式增长,在降雨雨型相同时,径流总量和径流峰值呈线性相关。对不同的雨型来说,当降雨总量和降雨历时相同时,后峰型降雨会比前峰型降雨多产生约1/4的径流。
Rainfall is an important factor affecting hillslope runoff, different rainfall characteristics will change the runoff process. In order to explore the coupling influence of rainfall patterns and peak amount on the hillslope runoff process, two rainfall patterns with unique rain intensity processes that fall in the early and late periods of the entire rainfall process are designed. The simulation experiment of rainfall runoff is carried out. A mathematical model of hillslope runoff based on motion wave equation is constructed, the virtual working condition simulation of the rainfall runoff process is carried out. The variation law of runoff characteristic value with rainfall characteristic is analyzed. It is concluded that with the increase in rainfall peak, the runoff volume and runoff peak value generated by the two rain patterns both increase exponentially, and showing a linear correlation under same rainfall pattern. For different rain types, when the rainfall amount and duration are the same, the posterior peak rainfall produces about 1/4 more runoff than the anterior peak rainfall.
降雨雨型 / 数值模拟 / 运动波模型 / 径流特征值 / 模拟工况 {{custom_keyword}} /
rainfall characteristics / numerical simulation / motion wave model / runoff eigenvalue / simulate working condition {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 试验土壤粒径分配Tab.1 Particle size distribution of test soil |
土质 | 粒径/mm | 占比/% |
---|---|---|
细沙粒/粉粒 | <0.25 | 4.2 |
中沙粒 | 0.25~0.50 | 6.1 |
粗沙粒 | 0.5~1.0 | 21.8 |
石砾 | 1~5 | 67.9 |
其他 | >5 | 0 |
图3 不同降雨特性的实测径流特征值对比Fig.3 Comparison of measured values of runoff processes of different rainfall and rainfall patterns |
表2 特征值拟合结果Tab.2 Fitting results of characteristic values |
特征值 | 前峰型降雨 | 后峰型降雨 |
---|---|---|
径流峰值 | y=0.001 x+0.01 | y=0.001 7 x+0.008 5 |
峰现时 | y =-49.743 x+771.16 | y=-193.5 x+1 470.6 |
径流总量 | y=3.184 5 e0.153 3 x | y=2.8976 e0.260 3 x |
径流系数 | y=0.018 9 x+0.049 4 | y=0.029 9 x+0.046 5 |
表3 参数取值Tab.3 Parameter value |
参数 | 稳定下渗率/(m | 初始下渗率/( m | 曼宁系数 | 渗透系数/( m |
---|---|---|---|---|
值 | 0.012 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
表4 径流实测值与模拟值特征值拟合度Table 4 Fitted of the measured and simulated values |
降雨雨型 | R 2 | NSE |
---|---|---|
前峰Ⅰ型 | 0.401 | 0.303 |
前峰Ⅱ型 | 0.942 | 0.930 |
后峰Ⅰ型 | 0.951 | 0.916 |
后峰Ⅱ型 | 0.974 | 0.918 |
无峰型 | 0.729 | 0.409 |
图6模拟工况径流特征值拟合曲线Fig.6 Characteristic values of runoff process under simulated operating conditions |
表5 模拟工况特征值拟合Tab.5 Fitting of simulated working conditions |
特征值 | 前峰型降雨 | R 2 | 后峰型降雨 | R 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
径流峰值 | 0.002 3 e0.495 7 x | 0.99 | 0.001 6 e0.5 x | 0.97 |
径流总量 | 1.226 3 e0.494 3 x | 0.98 | 0.645 6 e0.581 2 x | 0.95 |
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