
黑龙江流域冰凌研究进展
张凯文, 戴长雷, 于成刚, 张兆廷
黑龙江流域冰凌研究进展
Advances in Ice-cream Research in the Heilongjiang River Basin
黑龙江流域是亚洲东北部典型高纬度寒区河流,冬季冰期常超过200 d。从理论研究、现象规律、应用研究3个方面对黑龙江流域冰凌相关科学研究成果进行梳理归纳。在理论研究方面,针对冰科学开设的教学课程较少,黑龙江流域冰凌科研工作局限于黑龙江流域范围内及少量流域外的科研单位;冰坝凌汛现象规律方面,在河道特征条件下,受降水、河槽蓄水量、开江期温度等水文气象因素影响较大;在冰情监测预报方面,还需要借助遥测遥感等先进技术完善冰情监测设备与方法,提高预报准确率;灾害应对方面,联防调度、爆破除冰成为黑龙江防凌减灾的难点。随着现代观测技术的发展,冰凌监测技术将向连续、自动化和无人值守方向发展,进一步完善预报成果。
The Heilongjiang River Basin is a typical high latitude cold region river in northeast Asia, with winter ice periods often exceeding 200 days.The results of scientific research related to ice cream in the Heilongjiang River Basin are summarized from 3 aspects: theoretical research, phenomenological laws, and applied research.In terms of theoretical research, there are relatively few teaching courses for ice cream study, and scientific research on ice melt in the Heilongjiang Basin is limited to the Heilongjiang Basin and a few research units outside the basin.Ice dam flooding phenomenon pattern, in the river characteristics conditions, by precipitation, river tank storage, the opening period of the river temperature and other hydro-meteorological factors have a greater impact.In ice monitoring and forecasting, it is also necessary to improve ice monitoring equipment and methods with the help of advanced technologies such as telemetry and remote sensing to improve the accuracy of forecasting.In terms of disaster response, joint defense and scheduling, blasting and joint scheduling have become difficult points in Heilongjiang's prevention and mitigation.With the development of modern observation technology, the ice cream monitoring technology will develop in the direction of continuous, automated and unattended,further improving the forecast results.
黑龙江流域 / 冰坝 / 凌汛预报 / 冰凌监测 / 冰凌防治 {{custom_keyword}} /
Heilongjiang River basin / ice dam / ice monitering / ice preventiion / ice flood forecast {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 黑龙江干流历史冰坝情况统计Tab.1 Statistics on historical ice dams on the main stream of the Heilongjiang |
年份 | 冰坝产生河段 | 冰坝中心位置 | 壅高水头/m | 冰坝起止日期 | 冰坝历时/d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950 | 加林达—欧浦 | 欧浦 | 9.40 | 05-09-05-11 | 3 |
1953 | 洛古河—漠河 | 洛古河 | 7.46 | 05-05-05-08 | 3 |
1956 | 洛古河—漠河 | 洛古河 | 7.39 | 05-08-05-10 | 20 |
1958 | 连崟—湖通镇 | 马伦 | 10.14 | 05-05-05-10 | 6 |
1960 | 洛古河—霍尔漠津 | 加林达 | 13.56 | 04-27-05-10 | 15 |
1961 | 连崟 | 连崟 | 8.03 | ||
1964 | 加林达—马伦 | 古城岛 | 8.00 | 05-02-05-14 | 13 |
1971 | 洛古河—三道卡 | 洛古河 | 9.90 | 04-23-05-04 | 7 |
1973 | 加林达—湖通镇 | 古城岛 | 8.20 | 05-06-06-01 | 27 |
1977 | 漠河—开库康 | 漠河 | 6.65 | ||
1981 | 洛古河—漠河 | 洛古河 | 7.46 | 04-28-04-30 | 3 |
1985 | 洛古河—霍尔漠津 | 加林达 | 12.60 | 04-17-05-29 | 42 |
1986 | 洛古河—马伦 | 加林达 | 9.25 | 05-04-05-08 | 5 |
1987 | 开库康—鸥浦 | 鸥浦 | 6.17 | ||
1988 | 开库康 | 开库康 | 5.11 | ||
1991 | 洛古河—马伦 | 洛古河 | 8.80 | 04-28-05-04 | 7 |
1994 | 洛古河—开库康 | 洛古河 | 10.93 | 04-29-05-10 | 12 |
1995 | 洛古河—下游20 km | 洛古河 | 10.10 | 05-05-05-09 | 5 |
1999 | 漠河—欧浦 | 漠河下游 | 7.58 | 05-02-05-09 | 5 |
2000 | 洛古河—呼玛县 | 金山乡/呼玛上江岛 | 9.23 | 04-29-05-01 | 3 |
2004 | 漠河—开库康 | 马伦 | 5.10 | 04-29-05-06 | 8 |
2009 | 北红—红旗岭 | 红旗岭 | 7.60 | 04-16-04-21 | 6 |
2010 | 北红—兴安 | 兴安镇 | 8.34 | 05-03-05-09 | 7 |
2013 | 漠河上游—兴安下游 | 兴安 | 8.10 | 05-01-05-07 | 7 |
2014 | 洛古河—漠河 | 洛古河 | 6.66 | 04-25-04-27 | 3 |
2016 | 三合上游—呼玛(冰堆) | 呼玛 | 5.11 | 04-24-04-27 | 4 |
2018 | 洛古河—漠河旱道口 | 洛古河 | 7.19 | 04-24-04-27 | 4 |
2019 | 洛古河—漠河 | 漠河旱道口以上 | 6.53 | 04-29-05-01 | 3 |
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