
滴灌对枣树生长的影响及其灌溉制度的探究
唐瑞, 梁博惠, 何宝银, 张上宁
滴灌对枣树生长的影响及其灌溉制度的探究
Effects of Drip Irrigation on Jujube Growth and Exploration on its Irrigation Pattern
为探究在宁夏北部引黄灌区滴灌对灵武长枣的生长影响及合理的灌溉模式,2017年本试验设置全年灌溉定额为2 925、3 600、4 275和4 950 m³/hm2 4个处理,每个处理重复3次,共12个试验小区;2018年本试验增加一个处理,灌溉定额由4 950 m³/hm2增至5 625 m³/hm2,全年灌溉定额设计5个处理,每个处理重复3次,共15个试验小区。根据2017-2018年试验,结合灵武长枣生育期不同土层含水量,土壤灌溉水蓄存比及产量,综合分析后制定灵武长枣滴灌灌溉制度为:全年灌溉定额4 275 m³/hm2,灌水11次,生育期灌溉定额为3 825 m³/hm2,灌水10次,其中,萌芽展叶期1次,灌水定额450 m3/hm2;现蕾开花期3次,灌水定额为300 m3/hm2,幼果膨大期3次,灌水定额分别为375、375、450 m3/hm2,果实白熟期2次,灌溉水定额为450 m3/hm2,成熟期1次,灌水定额为375 m3/hm2;休眠期(冬灌)1次,灌水定额450 m3/hm2。在以上处理下灵武长枣产量为11 184~16 080 m3/hm2,水分生产率为1.90~2.90 kg/m3。
In order to explore the effects of drip irrigation on the growth of Lingwu Changzao in the Yellow River irrigation area in northern Ningxia and the reasonable irrigation pattern. In 2017 the experiment set the annual irrigation quotas were 2 925, 3 600, 4 275 and 4 950 m³/hm2 four treatment, each treatment was repeated 3 times, a total of 12 test plots. In 2018, an additional treatment was added, the irrigation quota increased from 4 950 to 5 625 m³/hm2, and the annual irrigation quota was designed at five treatments, and each treatment was repeated 3 times for a total of 15 test plots. According to the 2017-2018 experiment, combined with the different depth soil moisture of Lingwu Changzao’s different periods, the soil irrigation water storage ratio and the yield, the comprehensive analysis that the Lingwu Changzao drip irrigation system was formulated as follows: the annual irrigation quota was 4 275 m³/hm2, 11 times of irrigation; the irrigation quota for growth period was 3 825 m³/hm2, 10 times of irrigation, among them, the elongate shoots period irrigation was 1 time, the irrigation quota was 450 m³/hm2; the squaring stage and florescence irrigation was 3 times, the irrigation quota was 300 m³/hm2 every time; the young fruit expansion stage irrigation was 3 times, and the irrigation quota were 375, 375, 450 m³/hm2 respectively; the fruits in white-mature period irrigation were 2 times, the irrigation water quota was 450 m³/hm2 every time, the maturity period irrigation was 1 time, the irrigation quota was 375 m³/hm2; dormancy period (winter irrigation) irrigation was 1 time, the irrigation quota was 450 m3/hm2. Under the above treatment, the yield of Lingwu Changzao was 11 184~16 080 kg/hm2, the water production efficiency was 1.90~2.90 kg/m3.
滴灌 / 灵武长枣 / 灌溉制度 {{custom_keyword}} /
drip irrigation / Lingwu Changzao / irrigation pattern {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 2017-2018年贺兰山东麓灌区枣树滴灌灌溉制度试验设计表 |
生育期 | 灌水日期 | 灌水定额/(m3·hm-2) | 施肥/(kg·hm-2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 (2018年新增) | 尿素 | 磷酸一铵 | 硫酸钾 | ||
萌芽展叶期 | 4月中旬(春灌) | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | - | - | - |
现蕾开花期 | 5月中旬 | 150 | 225 | 300 | 375 | 450 | - | - | - |
6月上旬 | 150 | 225 | 300 | 375 | 450 | 150 | 150 | 150 | |
6月中旬 | 150 | 225 | 300 | 375 | 450 | ||||
幼果膨大期 | 6月下旬至7月上旬 | 225 | 300 | 375 | 450 | 525 | 300 | 375 | 375 |
7月中旬 | 225 | 300 | 375 | 450 | 525 | ||||
7月下旬至8月中旬 | 300 | 375 | 450 | 525 | 600 | ||||
果实白熟期 | 8月中旬 | 300 | 375 | 450 | 525 | 600 | 300 | 375 | 187.5 |
8月下旬 | 300 | 375 | 450 | 525 | 600 | ||||
果实成熟期 | 9月中旬 | 225 | 300 | 375 | 450 | 525 | |||
休眠期 | 11月上旬 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 450 | |||
灌溉定额 | 2 925 | 3 600 | 4 275 | 4 950 | 5 625 | 750 | 900 | 712.5 | |
生育期定额 | 2 475 | 3 150 | 3 825 | 4 500 | 5 175 |
表2 2017和2018年试验区降雨量监测表 (mm) |
日期 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 全生育期 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017年 | 0 | 8.0 | 54.0 | 47.4 | 17.5 | 0 | 24.0 | 150.9 |
2018年 | 0 | 13.2 | 0 | 51.8 | 96.3 | 9.1 | 6.5 | 176.9 |
表3 灵武长枣2017年、2018年各生育期耗水量 (mm) |
年份 | 处理 | 萌芽展叶期 | 现蕾开花期 | 幼果膨大期 | 果实白熟期 | 果实成熟期 | 停长落叶期 | 生育期 耗水总量 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | T1 | 35.04 | 87.81 | 115.31 | 137.74 | 26.02 | 16.36 | 418.28 |
T2 | 46.22 | 122.20 | 131.62 | 138.33 | 28.96 | 16.50 | 483.83 | |
T3 | 41.07 | 139.55 | 175.13 | 148.62 | 33.22 | 16.80 | 554.39 | |
T4 | 43.86 | 158.95 | 201.29 | 163.61 | 44.10 | 18.41 | 630.22 | |
2018 | T1 | 34.00 | 45.02 | 172.38 | 137.59 | 50.57 | 17.82 | 457.38 |
T2 | 41.20 | 53.10 | 188.10 | 168.16 | 35.42 | 14.14 | 500.12 | |
T3 | 47.37 | 84.41 | 215.88 | 176.69 | 49.68 | 14.73 | 588.76 | |
T4 | 43.55 | 140.12 | 250.43 | 180.51 | 59.68 | 14.00 | 688.29 | |
T5 | 41.49 | 165.7 | 260.57 | 203.29 | 62.62 | 19.29 | 752.96 |
表4 生育期不同处理对灵武长枣品质的影响 |
年度 | 处理 | 可溶性糖/ % | 维生素C/ (mg·100 g-1) | 总酸/ (g·kg-1) | 可溶性固形物/% | 产量/ (kg·hm-2) | 水分生产率/ (kg·m-3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | T1 | 46.10 | 258.13 | 4.56 | 33.10 | 10 975.5 | 2.62 |
T2 | 48.80 | 242.43 | 3.56 | 33.50 | 11 703.0 | 2.42 | |
T3 | 45.30 | 246.21 | 3.77 | 31.10 | 16 080.0 | 2.90 | |
T4 | 45.00 | 248.00 | 4.39 | 32.70 | 12 384.0 | 1.97 | |
2018 | T1 | 18.20 | 328.20 | 6.17 | 17.90 | 9 686.4 | 2.12 |
T2 | 15.40 | 326.70 | 4.39 | 30.60 | 10 243.2 | 2.05 | |
T3 | 16.50 | 304.60 | 6.58 | 30.70 | 11 184.0 | 1.90 | |
T4 | 18.40 | 320.20 | 5.75 | 25.90 | 11 702.4 | 1.70 | |
T5 | 20.40 | 306.50 | 5.73 | 26.80 | 11 731.2 | 1.56 |
表5 推荐灵武长枣灌溉制度 (m3/hm2) |
灌水时间 | 萌芽展叶期 | 现蕾开花期 | 幼果膨大期 | 果实白熟期 | 果实成熟期 | 休眠期 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4月中旬(春灌) | 5月中旬 | 6月上旬 | 6月中旬 | 6月下旬至7月上旬 | 7月中旬 | 7月下旬至8月中旬 | 8月中旬 | 8月下旬 | 9月中旬 | 11月上旬 | ||||||
灌水定额 | 450 | 300 | 300 | 300 | 375 | 375 | 450 | 450 | 450 | 375 | 450 |
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