
1995-2020年喀什市植被覆盖度时空动态变化研究
孙与襄, 麦麦提吐逊·麦麦提null, 马合木江·艾合买提null, 陶洪飞, 李巧
1995-2020年喀什市植被覆盖度时空动态变化研究
Research on the Temporal and Spatial Dynamic Changes of Vegetation Coverage in Kashgar City from 1995 to 2020
为了揭示和探讨喀什市植被覆盖度空间动态变化规律及驱动力因素。以Landsat系列卫星数据为数据源,基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)和像元二分模型,运用ENVI 5.3和ArcGIS 10.3软件对喀什市植被覆盖度进行估算,研究1995-2020年植被覆盖度的时空变化格局。研究结果表明:①喀什市整体植被主要以高植被覆盖为主,中与低植被覆盖以相对破碎形式围绕高植被覆盖分布在市中心周围与乡道两侧农田防护林;②1995-2020年期间的喀什市植被覆盖度与覆盖面积均呈增加。2020年比1994年植被覆盖面积增加172.6 km2,增幅36.3%;③喀什市植被覆盖度区域性和时段性改善与退化并存。时段上,2010-2015年退化明显,2015-2020年改善面积最大;区域上,城区退化最严重,东部四乡改善最显著,总与高植被覆盖质心向东部四乡分别直线迁移6.39 km与8.69 km,其中在2010-2020年上述两者质心迁移速度显著加快;④喀什市降水量的增加及气温的升高,加之城市化加快及人类活动频繁是近年来植被覆盖度变化的主要原因,其中林地与耕地面积的增加对植被覆盖度贡献最大。研究结果可为喀什市生态环境和可持续发展提供科学参考依据。
In order to reveal and discuss the spatial dynamics and driving factors of vegetation coverage in Kashgar, Landsat series satellite data is used as the data source, based on the Normalized Differente Vegetation Index (NDVI) and pixel dichotomy model, ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.3 software is used to estimate the vegetation coverage of Kashgar, and the vegetation coverage from 1995 to 2020 is studied.The research results show that: ① The overall vegetation in Kashgar is mainly high vegetation coverage, and the medium and low vegetation coverage are relatively fragmented and distributed around the high vegetation coverage in the farmland protection forests around the city center and on both sides of the rural road; ② From 1995 to 2020, the vegetation coverage and coverage area of Kashgar City showed an increasing trend. In 2020, the vegetation coverage area increased by 172.6 km2 compared with 1994, an increase of 36.3%. ③ The regional and time-based improvement and degradation of vegetation coverage in Kashgar will coexist. In terms of time period, the degradation is obvious from 2010 to 2015, and the area of improvement was the largest from 2015 to 2020. Regionally, the urban area is the most degraded, and the four townships in the east have improved the most. The total and high vegetation coverage centroids move linearly to the four townships in the east by 6.39 km and 8.69 km, the migration speed of the above two centroids accelerated significantly from 2010 to 2020; ④ The increase in precipitation and temperature in Kashgar City, combined with the acceleration of urbanization and frequent human activities are the main reasons for the changes in vegetation coverage in recent years. Among them, the increase in the area of forest land and arable land contribute the most to vegetation coverage. It can be seen that this paper can provide a scientific reference for the ecological environment and sustainable development of Kashgar.
喀什市 / 归一化植被指数 / 像元二分模型 / 植被覆盖度 / 遥感监测 / 驱动力 {{custom_keyword}} /
Kashgar City / normalized differente vegetation index / pixel binary model / vegetation coverage / remote sensing monitoring / driving force {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 研究区植被覆盖度动态变化量划分等级表Tab.1 Classification table of dynamic changes of vegetation coverage in the study area |
变化量 | 划分等级 | 阈值范围 | 特征描述 |
---|---|---|---|
增加(+) | 极度改善(+3) | 0.66<ΔFVCg<1.00 | 裸地或极低覆盖区转为高植被覆盖区 |
中度改善(+2) | 0.33<ΔFVCg<0.66 | 裸地或极低覆盖区转为中植被覆盖区,中植被覆盖区转为高植被覆盖区 | |
轻度改善(+1) | 0<ΔFVCg<0.33 | 裸地或极低覆盖区转为低植被覆盖区,低植被覆盖区转为中植被覆盖区 | |
未变化(0) | 稳定 | 0 | 植被覆盖等级之间没有转移情况,保持未发生变化的稳定状态区域 |
减小(-) | 轻度退化(-1) | 0>ΔFVCg>-0.33 | 低植被覆盖区转为裸地或极低覆盖区,中植被覆盖区转为低植被覆盖区 |
中度退化(-2) | -0.33>ΔFVCg>-0.66 | 中植被覆盖区转为裸地或极低覆盖区,高植被覆盖区转为中植被覆盖区 | |
极度退化(-3) | -0.66>ΔFVCg>-1.00 | 高植被覆盖区转为裸地或极低覆盖区 |
图4 喀什市6个时段植被覆盖度图像差值空间分布图Fig.4 The spatial distribution of the image difference of vegetation coverage in 6 periods of Kashgar City |
表2 喀什市6个时段植被覆盖度图像差值结果一览表Tab.2 Summary of results of vegetation coverage image difference in 6 periods of Kashgar |
变化 时段 | 增加 | 未变化 | 减小 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
极度改善 | 中度改善 | 轻度改善 | 合计 | 轻度退化 | 中度退化 | 极度退化 | 合计 | |||||||||||
面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | |
1995-2000年 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 20.2 | 2.0 | 72.2 | 7.2 | 97.1 | 9.7 | 809.9 | 80.8 | 72.3 | 7.2 | 15.6 | 1.6 | 7.4 | 0.7 | 95.3 | 9.5 |
2000-2005年 | 7.0 | 0.7 | 20.5 | 2.1 | 78.1 | 7.8 | 105.6 | 10.5 | 823.7 | 82.2 | 59.5 | 5.9 | 9.2 | 0.9 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 73.0 | 7.3 |
2005-2010年 | 19.9 | 2.0 | 27.5 | 2.7 | 71.7 | 7.2 | 119.1 | 11.9 | 784.5 | 78.3 | 73.8 | 7.4 | 16.8 | 1.7 | 8.1 | 0.8 | 98.7 | 9.8 |
2010-2015年 | 32.2 | 3.2 | 36.8 | 3.7 | 74.8 | 7.5 | 143.7 | 14.3 | 734.0 | 73.2 | 82.6 | 8.2 | 24.6 | 2.5 | 17.4 | 1.7 | 124.6 | 12.4 |
2015-2020年 | 37.1 | 3.7 | 51.5 | 5.1 | 106.7 | 10.6 | 195.4 | 19.5 | 692.3 | 69.1 | 88.0 | 8.8 | 18.8 | 1.9 | 7.8 | 0.8 | 114.6 | 11.4 |
1995-2020年 | 124.0 | 12.4 | 88.2 | 8.8 | 91.6 | 9.1 | 303.8 | 30.3 | 512.7 | 51.2 | 107.1 | 10.7 | 41.9 | 4.2 | 36.7 | 3.7 | 185.7 | 18.5 |
表3 1995-2020年喀什市植被覆盖度等级转移矩阵Tab.3 The vegetation coverage grade transfer matrix of Kashgar City from 1995 to 2020 |
年份 | 等级 | 1995年 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
裸地或极低覆盖 | 低覆盖 | 中覆盖 | 高覆盖 | ||||||
面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | ||
2020年 | 裸地或极低覆盖 | 292.39 | 55.79 | 6.66 | 16.54 | 16.39 | 15.81 | 36.69 | 11.05 |
低覆盖 | 36.77 | 7.02 | 4.51 | 11.20 | 11.56 | 11.15 | 25.51 | 7.68 | |
中覆盖 | 71.49 | 13.64 | 12.52 | 31.07 | 33.60 | 32.43 | 87.59 | 26.38 | |
高覆盖 | 123.40 | 23.55 | 16.60 | 41.20 | 42.08 | 40.61 | 182.18 | 54.88 | |
变化量 | -172.99 | -32.93 | 38.20 | 94.77 | 102.09 | 98.50 | 32.32 | 9.74 |
表4 喀什市1995-2020年不同时期土地利用结构Tab.4 Land use structure in different periods of Kashgar City from 1995 to 2020 |
类型 | 1995年 | 2000年 | 2005年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2020年 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | |
耕地 | 400.04 | 46.28 | 410.00 | 40.89 | 429.65 | 42.85 | 425.07 | 42.40 | 457.22 | 45.60 | 452.48 | 45.13 |
林地 | 5.11 | 0.51 | 4.82 | 0.48 | 3.41 | 0.34 | 32.10 | 3.20 | 30.70 | 3.06 | 30.70 | 3.06 |
草地 | 130.10 | 12.98 | 116.84 | 11.65 | 103.39 | 10.31 | 99.09 | 9.88 | 71.77 | 7.16 | 71.76 | 7.16 |
水域 | 5.46 | 0.54 | 19.44 | 1.94 | 17.39 | 1.73 | 17.27 | 1.72 | 18.15 | 1.81 | 18.16 | 1.81 |
建设用地 | 13.84 | 1.38 | 39.51 | 3.94 | 42.64 | 4.25 | 71.89 | 7.17 | 113.93 | 11.36 | 119.04 | 11.87 |
未利用地 | 448.02 | 38.30 | 411.98 | 41.09 | 405.02 | 40.40 | 357.16 | 35.62 | 310.81 | 31.00 | 310.45 | 30.96 |
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