
气候变化对云南澜沧江流域径流的影响
王鸿洋, 唐金云, 余君妍, 徐雅倩, 杨正健, 马骏
气候变化对云南澜沧江流域径流的影响
Impact of Climate Change on Runoff of Lancang River Basin in Yunnan
为研究气候变化下澜沧江流域内径流演变趋势,构建了云南省内澜沧江流域SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型。根据气候变化特征及未来趋势设置不同气候变化情景,分析了气温、降水对径流和蒸散的影响。结果表明:SWAT模型在澜沧江流域具有很好的适用性,其模拟径流量判定系数及纳什系数的率定验证结果均高于0.8,澜沧江年径流量空间分布特征呈现下游、干流高的特征,径流受气温和降水的共同影响,与降水成正比,与气温成反比,径流变化由降水变化主导;澜沧江潜在蒸散量与降水成反比,与气温成正比,潜在蒸散量由气温变化主导。选取云南省内澜沧江上中下游各代表点分析气候变化特征,并由第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)和神经网络模型综合预测未来澜沧江流域内气候变化趋势。经Mann-Kendall趋势检验分析过去四十年间气温主要呈显著性上升趋势,降水时空波动变化较为复杂总体呈显著性下降趋势,相邻年间变化幅度分别在1 ℃和20%以内。未来气温将呈约1 ℃/20 a的上升趋势,降水将呈约10%/20 a的上升趋势。未来气温和降水变化将使径流及潜在蒸散增加,径流增加集中于雨季最大可增加约38%,蒸散集中于干季最大增加约6%,干雨季旱涝风险增加,更加需要云南省内退耕还林策略涵养水源和梯级水库的调度防控防治旱涝灾害。
In order to study the evolution trend of runoff in the Lancang River Basin under climate changes, the SWAT model of the Lancang River Basin in Yunnan Province is constructed. Different climate change scenarios are set up according to the characteristics of climate change and future trends, and the impact of temperature and precipitation on runoff and evapotranspiration is analyzed. The results show that the SWAT model is highly applicable in the Lancang River Basin. Its simulated runoff correlation coefficient and Nash coefficient calibration and verification results are all more than 0.8. The annual runoff spatial distribution characteristics of the Lancang River present the characteristics of high in downstreams and main streams. Runoff is affected by both temperature and precipitation, and is proportional to precipitation and inversely proportional to temperature. Runoff changes are dominated by precipitation changes. The potential evapotranspiration of the Lancang River is inversely proportional to precipitation and directly proportional to temperature. Potential evapotranspiration is dominated by temperature changes. The upper, middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River in Yunnan Province are selected to analyze the characteristics of climate change, and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and neural network model comprehensive forecast of the climate change trend in the future are compared. After the Mann-Kendall trend test, the temperature in the past forty years mainly has a rising trend. The time and space fluctuations in the precipitation are more complicated, mainly showing a tendency of significant decline, and the variation amplitude between adjacent years is 1 ℃ and 20% respectively.In the future, the temperature will be about 1 ℃/20 a, and the precipitation will be about 10%/20 a rise trend.In the future, temperature and precipitation change will increase the runoff and potential evaporation, and the increase in runoff is concentrated on the rainy season. It can increase by about 38%, and the evaporation is concentrated on the dry season. The maximum increase of about 6%, and the risk of drought and flood in the dry and rainy seasons increases. The strategy of returning farmland to forest in Yunnan Province is more needed to conserve water sources and the dispatch of cascade reservoirs to prevent and control droughts and floods.
澜沧江流域 / 径流模拟 / SWAT模型 / 气候变化 {{custom_keyword}} /
Lancang River Basin / runoff simulation / SWAT model / climate change {{custom_keyword}} /
图4 澜沧江不同地区气候变化特征Fig.4 Characteristics of climate change in different areas of the Lancang River |
表1 Mann-Kendall趋势检验结果Tab.1 Results of the Mann-Kendall trend test |
类别 | 统计量Z | S值 | 趋势 | 置信度/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
德钦最高气温 | 2.89 | 205 | 上升 | 99 |
德钦最低气温 | 1.62 | 115 | 上升 | 90 |
德钦年均气温 | 2.92 | 207 | 上升 | 99 |
小湾最高气温 | 2.61 | 185 | 上升 | 99 |
小湾最低气温 | -0.62 | -43 | 下降 | 不显著 |
小湾年均气温 | 1.22 | 87 | 上升 | 不显著 |
景洪最高气温 | 4.09 | 289 | 上升 | 99 |
景洪最低气温 | -0.96 | -67 | 下降 | 不显著 |
景洪年均气温 | 2.52 | 179 | 上升 | 99 |
德钦降水 | -1.56 | -109 | 下降 | 90 |
21世纪德钦降水 | 0.89 | 14 | 上升 | 不显著 |
小湾降水 | -2.66 | -187 | 下降 | 99 |
21世纪小湾降水 | 1.30 | 20 | 上升 | 90 |
景洪降水 | -4.14 | -291 | 下降 | 99 |
21世纪景洪降水 | -0.89 | -9 | 下降 | 不显著 |
表2 不同气候变化情景下径流量变化 (m³/s)Tab.2 Runoff changes under different climate change scenarios |
降雨量/mm | 气温/℃ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T | T+0.5 | T+1 | T+1.5 | T+2 | |
0.8 P | -426.5 | -431.0 | -434.7 | -440.4 | -444.3 |
0.9 P | -221.5 | -226.7 | -230.6 | -237.2 | -241.3 |
P | 0 | -5.7 | -9.8 | -17.4 | -22.0 |
1.1 P | 233.6 | 228.2 | 224.0 | 216.2 | 211.3 |
1.2 P | 477.5 | 471.8 | 467.6 | 459.5 | 454.7 |
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