In order to understand the effect of different spring irrigation amount on soil water and salt distribution and cotton yield in the oasis area of northern Xinjiang,the reasonable spring irrigation quota was determined,and the effects of different spring irrigation treatments ( T1: 800 m3 / hm2 ,T2: 1 300 m3 / hm2 ,T3: 1 800 m3 / hm2 ,T4: 2 300 m3 / hm2 ) and the effects of different time on water and salt distribution and cotton yield in 0 ～ 200 cm soil. The results showed that the soil water retention capacity and salinity leaching effect of cotton in the cotton field were not significant. When the treatment was carried out,the average water content of 0 ～ 200 cm soil layer was about 19.89%,and the soil surface The salt content of 0 ～ 40 cm soil layer decreased to 2.07 ～ 2.27 g / kg; spring irrigation improved the water and salt environment of cotton field,compared with T1 treatment flower,T2,T3 and T4 treatment yield increased 9.6%,25.4% and 27.0% respectively. From the efficient use of water resources and economic benefits to consider the spring irrigation quota 1 800 m3 / hm2 under the cotton soil can reach the appropriate water and salt environment,can also be 6 264.583 kg / hm2 higher yield.

Abstract: as is known to all, Xinjiang and Turpan are water shortage areas. In recent years, with the rapid development of the local economy, agriculture, ecology, industrial water sector demand for water is increasing, the farmers have to rely on some form of drinking water flooding irrigation in orchard. Drinking water price is high, the flow and pressure of small irrigation water use irrigation orchard form, a long time, make the farmers miserable watering. In order to solve this problem, a kind of automatic irrigation control device for orchard is proposed in this paper. It can determine the wetting range, irrigation cycle and time of according to soil properties, and can automatically complete the regular irrigation task. The test proves that the device can realize unattended function, and the function can greatly reduce the loss caused by the decrease or death of the fruit trees, and make the peasant household travel without worrying about the watering problem of the orchard. This paper uses examples to illustrate the calculation process and the measures, provide the basis for the implementation of each orchard water-saving irrigation technology.

The integration of water and fertilizer is a kind of agricultural water-saving irrigation and fertilization technology integration,with the help of pipe irrigation system,by solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizer blending into liquid fertilizer timely and appropriate input to ensure the demand of crop root soil,water and nutrient of crops. The integration of water and fertilizer technology is of great significance to improving the efficiency of water and fertilizer utilization and reducing environmental pollution. Based on the nonlinear and irrigation control technology with integration of the implementation process and the uncertainty,combined with the characteristics of PLC control system is stable and reliable,the fuzzy control technique is applied to integrate water and fertilizer control equipment,improve the integration of water and fertilizer irrigation and fertilizing machine utilizing efficiency,realize the integration of water and fertilizer automatic precise irrigation fertilization. The simulation results show that the application of fuzzy control technology in precision irrigation and fertilization achieves the requirement of high efficiency fertilization by water and fertilizer integration equipment,and realizes synchronous management and efficient utilization of water and fertilizer

In order to find a reasonable combination of fertilization and fertilization for high yield and high quality of tomato, the effects of different irrigation limit, nitrogen application rate and potassium application rate on tomato growth, yield and quality were studied by orthogonal test and model prediction under the condition of water and fertilizer integration .The results showed that: Increasing the lower limit of irrigation can increase stem diameter and leaf area; A large amount of nitrogen fertilizer was not conducive to the increase of stem diameter, but it could promote the increase of tomato leaf area. Potassium fertilizer application had no significant effect on stem and leaf area of tomato. Appropriate increase in irrigation and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied are beneficial to the growth of plants in the vegetative growth stage. The lower limit of irrigation, the amount of nitrogen applied and the amount of potassium applied had significant effect on tomato yield, with the increase in irrigation and amount of fertilizer, yields increased first and then decreased. W2N2K2 combination of water and fertilizer can get the best quality analyzed by the score. Precise prediction by model, it was found that when the lower limit of irrigation was 76%, the upper limit was 100%, the amount of nitrogen applied was 358.5kg/hm2 and the amount of potassium was 607.5kg/hm2, there will be the highest yield, good quality, good crop growth. The predicted yield is 108.82t/hm2.

An automatic irrigation control system was designed based on cloud platform, PLC and HMI technology. Considering that demands of different fertilizer elements were not same for different types or different growth stages of plants, the real-time regulation technology of fertilizer flow and water flow was used to achieve the ratio of different fertilizer elements, besides, in order to enhance the precision of water and fertilizer ratio, gray prediction fuzzy PID irrigation control algorithm was used on the basis of ordinary PID control strategy. What’s more, EC and PH sensing technology was used as the feedback to ensure that the EC and PH values of the mixture are within a range of plant requirements. Considering the functional requirements of precision irrigation and control system, intelligent control software was developed to achieve human-computer interaction, irrigation monitoring, data storage and data query. Irrigation equipment can achieve communication with T-link cloud platform based on Wi-Fi wireless transmission technology and the user can monitor the irrigation data and control the switch through the computer, mobile phone and WeChat, which shows that the mechanical equipment is developing towards informatization, wireless intellectualization and miniaturization.

Shahu area that was inundated easily in Wuhan was firstly selected as the study area to establish the rainfall-runoff model in Infoworks ICM. A rainstorm disaster of this area in July 7, 2013 was numerically reconstructed successfully and was used to verify the model. Through tons of simulations under different rainfall reappearance periods, analysis on the flooding conditions and peak flow of the outlet pipe was conducted and the hydrological characteristics of this area before urbanization were simulated and compared with that after urbanization. Secondly, green roof, permeable pavement and sunken green space-the three typical LID technologies were simulated in SWMM and the runoff coefficients of the three typical LID technologies under different rainfall intensities were summarized. Then, the capability of reducing the runoff coefficient and runoff peak flow and delaying the appearance of peak flow was analysed and compared.

Ground on Zhenhai station is hourly tidal level data during 1971-2015 in Yongjiang River basin, chose the appropriate Copula function to construct the joint distribution of high tidal level and contemporaneous tidal range. On this basis, the risk ratio of the combination of design high tidal level and contemporaneous tidal range was research, and the most likely tidal range under the condition of the design high tidal was calculated. The design tide hydrograph of Zhenhai station was got by controlling the highest tidal level and tidal range, with scaled typical tidal type. The result shows: Zhenhai station is high tidal and tidal rang with the different frequency rate; Low-frequency high tide and low-frequency tide rang encounter probability is very small; the frequency of most likely tidal rang under high tidal at each frequency is all focus on 20%-50%. The design tide process by this method can make the engineering design safer, and a new method is proposed for the design tide process.

Based on the Landsat TM /ETM remote sensing image of Kaidu-kongque-river basin,by using ＲS/GIS technology,this paper extracts the land use /cover type information of 1990,2000 and 2010,analyzes the changing rule and the area ratio of the artificial and the natural oasis in Kaidu-kongque-river Basin,and discusses the suitable area ratio of the artificial and natural oasis. The results show that: ① The artificial oasis was expanding,natural oasis area was shrinking in Kaidu-kongque-river basin from 1990 to 2010. The artificial oasis area increased by 2 895.1 km2 in 1990－2010,the expansion speed was 144.8 km2 /a,the natural oasis area decreased by 1 946.4 km2 ,and the decreasing rate was 97.32 km2 /a. ② In the process of artificial oasis expansion,land using types in artificial oasis also changed greatly from 1990 to 2010; artificial reservoir area was growing fastest,with an average annual growing rate of 15.86% from 1990 to 2010. Orchard area was growing fastest and with the annual growth of 37.1% from 2000 to 2010. ③The artificial oasis area in Kaidu-kongque-river Basin took on an increasing trend and the natural oasis area took on a declining trend in recent 20 years,the ratio of artificial oasis area and natural oasis area were 2 ∶ 8,3 ∶ 7 and 4 ∶ 6 respectively

In order to find out the chemical characteristics of shallow groundwater in Dalian area, the groundwater samples are tested and analyzed with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Based on the evaluation results, some main indexes affecting the water quality status are chosen. The hydrogeochemical simulation method is then adopted to analyze the formative action of influence target. The results show that, the shallow groundwater chemical type is HCO3?SO4?Cl-Ca,Na mainly. Groundwater quality levels of Ⅱ-Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ account for 41.67%, 8.33% and 50.00% of the total, respectively. The low-quality groundwater is concentrated in the cities circle of large-medium cities. The hydrogeochemical simulation is concluded that albite and anorthite dissolution and Ca-Na exchange function are main formation mechanism of Na+, Ca2+, Al3+, HCO3- and other indexes in the groundwater.The coastal alluvial plain is affected by the combination of industrial activities, agricultural activities and seawater intrusion. Thus, the tuansport molar mass concentrations of SO42-, Cl-, NO3- are 0.808, 3.300, 5.12 mmol?L-1 separately, to achieve the maximum of reaction path. The oxidation reduction action has control effect on the change of the nitrogen contents.

By using the normalized difference vegetation index NDVI products provided by the national aeronautics and space administration ( NASA) ,the distribution of the Tarim Ｒiver Basin NDVI from January 2003 to January 2013 is discussed and the response of the vegetation changes to land water storage is analyzed according to the GＲACE gravity recovery,land water storage and precipitation data inverted with the data from the climate experiment gravity satellite and tropical rainfall measuring mission ( TＲMM) satellite. Ｒesults indicate that the maximum NDVI value in spring is 0.033 67,and the minimum is －0.010 13; the maximum NDVI value in summer is 0.617 39,and the minimum is －0.111 72; the maximum in autumn is 0.563 38,and the minimum is －0.047 11; the maximum in winter is 0.281 61,and the minimum is －0.078 64. The biggest data are always in summer,followed by the data in autumn,winter and spring. Closer to the river,the vegetation coverage is higher,the farther from rivers,or nearer the desert,the vegetation coverage is lower. The NDVI presents a wide range of lower trends in these ten years. Only a small range has a significant increasing trend. Land water storage and precipitation has a sharp decrease in the northwest and a rapid increase in the southeast. The variation trend of region A,B,C and D are respectively relatively complex,slight decrease,slight increase and significant increase. There is a positive correlation between precipitation and NDVI,region C has the biggest positive correlation coefficient,region B has a negative correlation. The influence of precipitation on NDVI has a time lag and it is more obvious than that of land water storage

To solve Trans-boundary Water Pollution in river basins,resulting from the contradiction between natural and social attributes of trans-boundary water resources in river basins.From the perspective of collaborative governance,taking protection of water pollution about Luanhe-Tianjin Water Diversion Project as an example,collaborative governance mode of trans-boundary water pollution in river basins will be constructed from two aspects:promoting long-term ecological compensation mechanism construction of river basins and building a basins water pollution collaborative governance network platform on the basis of analyzing the current situation and effect of collaborative governance mechanism of trans-boundary water pollution in Haihe river basins.

Through analyzing the problem of EMD,EEMD and Complementary EEMD,a CEEMDAN method of analyzing hydrological time series with multiple resolution is presented and then the natural annual runoff time series from 1945 to 2015 of Yingluoxia Hydrological Station on the Heihe Ｒiver is decomposed into multiple time-scale series with the CEEMDAN method,The results show that the runoff time series has complicated multiple time-scale periods of the upper river basin,and CEEMDAN method has such advantages as decomposition completeness and mode accuracy and the method can be applied to hydrological and water resources fields widely

Based on nonparametric statistical theory,the nonparametric kernel estimation model of two important factors affecting the choice of kernel function and window wide has carried out a theoretical analysis and simulation study,and determines the optimal kernel function and the optimal approximate calculation formula of window width. Using the method of nonparametric statistics and parameter statistics on the frequency of the peak flow calculation Wulongkou Hydrological Station and two methods of comparative analysis can determine the reasonable design of the peak flow values,provide the effective method to solve the problem of hydrological frequency calculation.

Water,energy and food are the basic elements of production and life,they constitute an interdependent system. The coordinated development of Water-energy-food system is an important foundation for regional sustainable development. Taking Liaoning Province as the research object,the evaluation index system is established,the entropy method is used to calculate the weight of each index,and then the coupling and coordination degree of Water-energy-food system is evaluated quantitatively,its coupled coordination evolutionary characteristics from 2006 to 2015 are analyzed. The results show that,the coordinated development level of Water－energy－food system in Liaoning Province from 2006 to 2015 is growing in the fluctuation. The coupling coordination degree has undergone a transition stage and a basic coordination stage,experienced reluctance coordination,primary coordination and intermediate coordination development types. The trend towards continuous enhancement is significant,but it has not yet entered a highly coordinated development stage,there is a lot of room for improvement

Due to the complex underlying surfaces, various climate type and strong effect of human activities, flooding in small-scale watershed in mountainous area is an extremely complex nonlinear process. It is difficult to scientifically choose an appropriate hydrological model for flash flood forecasting. In this study, the performance of 5 hydrological models with varying degrees of complexity for flash flood forecasting in different small-scale watershed as well as its applicability to the catchments characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the distributed hydrological model (HEC-HMS in this study) performes better than the lumped hydrological models and it has the strongest applicability to the flash flood forecasting. Dahuofang model preformes well in the flood peak simulation while its runoff generation module is relatively poor. API and Xinanjiang models have good simulation for the humid catchments when long-term and continuous rainfall data is provided. TOPMODEL model also performes well in the humid catchments, but is less suitable for the rapid flood.

This article selected the water supply, capital, employment as input indicators, the GDP as output index, and collected the basic data of Jiangsu province from 2002 to 2016,at the same time, using DEA- Malmquist model to study the utilization efficiency of water resources in Jiangsu province. On the basis of the above mentioned content, using OpenGeoDa software and selecting Moran's I as a measure to make an analysis of the spatial correlation both in comprehensive efficiency of water resources utilization and total factor productivity index of Jiangsu province. The results show that the integrated efficiency of water resources in Jiangsu province presents the trend of u-shaped development, and the total factor productivity index presents a downward trend in general. The comprehensive efficiency and the total factor productivity index of Jiangsu province have regional differences, and the comprehensive efficiency of the cities shows negative spatial correlation, and the total factor productivity index presents positive spatial correlation.

Based on the analysis of hydrogeological conditions and groundwater dynamic characteristics in Pinggu Plain, SPSS was used to determine the quantitative relationship between groundwater quantity and water level by establishing three kinds of groundwater statistical model, such as multiple linear regression model, BP neural network model and time series model, for implement the water resources management responsibility and assessment system. Then, according to the groundwater indicators and preferred statistical forecasting model in early 2015, the water level of different typical horizontal years should be determined, and the water level fluctuation should be taken as the assessment standard of the assessment year, so as to achieve the purpose of groundwater level assessment and control of groundwater exploitation.

The development of numerical value analogue technology in the hydrology becomes increasingly important by human activities and global climate change.Taking NiYanghe river as a research object,Using two-factor monthly water balance model to simulate the effect of climate change on river runoff.The analysis shows that the simulated monthly runoff is consistent with the results of reduction calculation, so the simulation precision is high.

The scientific and rational joint operation of reservoirs plays an important role in relieving the contradiction between water resources supply and demand and improving the flood control and water utilization benefit. In order to solve complex problems in the process of formulating joint flood control operation rules, combined available flood forecast information, a method to design cascade reservoirs joint flood control operation rules with forecast information is proposed by particle swarm optimization(PSO). Firstly, the optimal operation schemes of design floods with different frequency are calculated by PSO; secondly, various reasonable operation rules are established; finally, combined with optimal operation schemes and routing results of reasonable operation rules, and the closest to the former is the satisfactory joint operation rule. Zhaopingtai and Baiguishan cascade reservoirs’ example shows that the routing results of the joint flood control operation rules with forecast information made by this method are satisfied the flood control requirements, so it is safe.

The refill operation of Three Gorges Ｒeservoir ( TGＲ) at the end of flood season potentially alters the water level regimes in Poyang Lake by reducing Yangtze Ｒiver flow discharge. The multiple linear regression model is established to estimate the water level of Poyang Lake with catchment inflow ( Five Ｒivers,i.e. Ganjiang,Fuhe,Xinjiang,Ｒaohe,Xiushui) and Yangtze Ｒiver ( Hankou) flow as explanatory variables. The functional relationship is assumed to remain unchanged before and after the operation of TGＲ. The water level changes of Poyang Lake then are obtained by Hankou flow changes due to refill operation of TGＲ. Three impoundment schemes are drawn up to analyze the impact of TGＲ refill operation on water levels in Poyang Lake and its spatial pattern. Ｒesults show that the water level reductions induced by TGＲ refill operation for Xingzi,Duchang and Kangshan Station are 2.23 m,1.37 m and 1.05 m,2.10 m,1.29 m and 0.99 m,1.38 m,0.91 m and 0.68 m associated with impoundment start time of October 1,September 15 and September 1. It is suggested that the TGＲ refill operation scheme be optimized at the end of the flood season,and the coordination of reservoirs＇ operation in the catchment is achieved to eliminate or weaken the impact of TGＲ refill operation of Poyang Lake

With the development of social economy, the social wealth of unit area is increasing, and the impact of flood on the production and life of the people is more and more big. The paper takes flood disaster risk in Guizhou Province as the analysis and evaluation object, selects the data of six indexes such as the dead population as basic analysis data, and uses the method of information diffusion theory and data integration to assess the risk of flood disaster。On this basis, the measures to deal with flood risk are put forward.The evaluation results show that the most probability of the flood disaster comprehensive index is about 34%, but the probability of flood exceeding 95% is very small. The flood disaster grade is dominated by the general flood year, the frequency is 1.7 years; The probability of Especially serious flood year is the lowest, and the frequency is 16.7 years.

With river basin from 1959 to 2009 in 44 measuring station＇s monthly precipitation data throughout the year,drought and flood level Z index is used to determine the single station. The results show that Xingyi,Wangmo and Lingshan,Yulin are main frequent-drought areas in spring in the Pearl Ｒiver Basin. Jingxi and Fogang are the main areas in summer. There is a higher frequency in the south of the male in the region in fall. The high incidence areas for flooding are Panxian and Xingyi in the east of the Pearl Ｒiver Basin and Guangning, Nanxiong in the south of it. In summer it is concentrated on sight hume and the area nearby. Inequalities for autumn distribution in high frequency value areas are mainly distributed in Shenzhen,Nanxiong,Wuzhou,and selling profit,and Lianxian often suffers from disaster in winter. Based on the precipitation data of EOF analysis it is found that the change of drought and flood in spring,summer,autumn and winter in the Pearl Ｒiver Basin mainly appears as the overall consistency distribution,expression is consistent with the drought or water logging. In addition,there are two kinds of distribution types that also the east west water logging,drought water logging east west dry type. The Pearl Ｒiver Basin is not only affected by large-scale weather system control and outside,but also by the local terrain,ground level and the interplay of other facors.

In recent years, the underlying surface of Fuchun River basin has undergone major changes affected by human activities and the traditional relation curve of water level and discharge was not applied. For the application of water level gradient method to calculate the effective reservoir inflow at Lanxi section, first of all water level data was proposed to be analyzed and calculated. A hydrodynamic calculation model based on the Saint-Venant equations was built which contained spatial variability of reaches roughness and generalized the upstream riverway of Fuchun River reservoir according the observation data, and flood data for 2013 was inputted to calibrate model parameters and simulate the water level of Nvbu station. At the same time, the water level function was established using the empirical correlation method. The precision of the two methods is high and the hydrodynamic method is superior to the empirical correlation method in the flood peak simulation of the verification period, while the latter has higher determinacy coefficient in the flood process simulation. The results show that the hydrodynamic model considering the temporal variability of hydraulic elements can better fit the water withdrawal process and is worthy of further study.

According to the requirement of the renovation for Lingcheng pumping station in Suining County, the model test of vertical axial-flow pump device of the pump station was carried out in order to test the hydraulic performance of the pump unit. The physical model test of energy characteristics, cavitation characteristics and runaway of the vertical axial-flow pump device was carried out on a high-precision hydraulic machinery test rig, for the comprehensive characteristics of the pump device. The experimental results show that the axial-flow pump hydraulic device has excellent performance, in the blade angle +2 degrees vertical axial pump device highest reached 80.2%, at this time the flow rate of the pump device is 383.29 L/s, the head is 5.303 m. In the range of 2.80 ~ 7.40 m, the cavitation performance of the axial flow pump can meet the requirements of actual operation. in a wide range of operating conditions. The unit runaway speed of the pump unit decreases with the increase of the blade angle, when the blade angle is -4 degrees and the maximum net head is 7.40 m, the maximum runaway speed is rated at 1.91 times the rated speed.

In view of the operation of large and medium-sized pump stations,this paper develops anti-cavitation repair material based on TS216 abrasion resistance rebuilding putty,focuses on the sample materials,modifies materials,test methods,as well as its practical application effect in Liulaojian pump station project of Jiangsu Province. The anti-cavitation repair materials can effectively solve the problem of water pump cavitation damage,reduce the cost of equipment replacement,prolong the service life of equipment and improve the working efficiency of the water pumps. It has good application prospect of promotion.

To analyze the influence of blade inlet trimming on performance of mixed flow pumps,a mixed flow pump with a special speed of 425 is chosen as the research model. Firstly two impeller model is established,including inlet trimming at blade face and blade back,then ICEM unstructured tetrahedral mesh is used,and no trimming,the characteristics and internal flow of the two model pumps at the design point are calculated by numerical simulation based on ANSYS CFX 15. 0. The results obtained by CFD can provide a reference for the influence of blade inlet trimming on performance of mixed flow pump. The results show that blade inlet trimming model can reduce the head by 2.3%,and reduce the efficiency by 0.8%. Blade inlet trimming will reduce cavitation,improve internal flows,but easy to vortex at the blade tip clearance

This article selected Weiku oasis in Xinjiang Tarim River basin as the object of the study area. We analyzed the relation among the soil salinization、albedo and the modified type of soil adjusting the vegetation index (MSAVI) ,which was based on the Landsat8 OLI and field investigation. Then put forward the feature space concept of Albedo-MSAVI and build up the SDI model of different indexes to monitor the soil salinization. The results: (1) Albedo-MSAVI feature spatial distribution shows obvious egularity: soil salinization and vegetation coverage hyperbolic distribution in the first quadrant, and the differentiations between saliferous soil and no salt soil were obvious; (2) SDI model and soil salt content of the correlation coefficient was 0.96, which could show the oasis salinization well; (3) SDI of average characteristic differences between the saliferous degrees and no salt was obvious, the discrepancies were between 0.12 and 0.34, so SDI index could be used as the indicator to extract salinization information fast, and the construction of SDI model was helpful for of quantitative supervision and evaluation work of soil salinization in the large scale arid areas.

Under the increasingly serious phenomenon that small irrigation and water conservancy facilities lack of management and supply, this paper analyzes the relationship of organizational support, social trust of farmers and the will of participate in small irrigation and water conservancy facilities by using the hierarchical model .The research based on the data of field survey, including 791 peasants and 40 villages. The results of zero model show that both village level and farmers' level factors affect farmers’ will to participate in the small irrigation and water conservancy facilities. this article uses the HLM model to further estimate degree and direction of the level of villages and farmers factors influence the farmers’ will to participating in small-scale water supply, the results show that organizational support and social trust significantly and positively influence on he farmers’ will to participating in small-scale water supply;The interaction?item of social trust and emotional support significantly influence farmers’ will to participate in the small-scale water supply.Therefore, organizational support and social trust are important factors to improve the farmers’ will to participate in the small-scale water.

Small-scale irrigation systems form an intrinsic part of modern day agriculture. Their construction, management and maintenance are all closely connected to the wellbeing of agricultural products. In recent years, the construction of small-scale irrigation systems has attracted growing attention from policy makers, resulting in the steadily increasing investment from the government in this sector. However, the problems of lack of management and protection, and the unsound management mechanism have become increasingly prominent. Consequently, small-scale irrigation systems were unable to play their designated role. Enhancing the effects management and protection of small-scale irrigation systems requires the close cooperation of government, farmers, village committees and water users’ associations. The government provides policy support and certain capital investment, at the same time, individuals and grass-roots organizations such as farmers, village committees, and water users’ associations need to be connected on a micro-level. During the connection process, the modes of management and protection can play an external role in setting up contractual and regulatory constraints. Social network is the “bridge” or “binder” in this process of deep connection and serve as an informal system promoting farmers' participation in management and protection to improve the overall effect. Therefore, mode of management and social network are key considerations to take when exploring the effects of management and protection of small-scale irrigation systems. In this study, we seeks to analyze, on the basis of systematically outlining theories relating to management and protection mechanisms, social network and the effect of management and protection, the availability of small-scale irrigation systems and the status of their management and protection utilizing the survey data of 1952 households in 100 villages from five provinces, namely Shaanxi, Henan, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Shandong. We define three management and protection modes of small-scale irrigation systems, namely the personal management and protection mode, village collective management and protection mode and the water users’ associations management and protection mode, according to the ownership of responsibility in terms of possession, management and protection for small-scale irrigation systems. We construct a social network indicator system, and subdivide the social network variables into two dimensions, the network of relatives and friends and the general network, and use factor analysis to measure social network variables and indices of their subdivided dimensions. Based on the above methodology, the ordered Probit model is used to explore the impact of different management and protection modes, social network and its subdivided dimensions on the effects of management and protection of small-scale irrigation systems, and the robustness of the model results is tested. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) Compared with the individual management and protection mode and the village collective management and protection mode, the sample farmers under the water association management and protection mode had the highest degree of satisfaction with supply of small-scale irrigation systems and the highest degree of satisfaction with management and protection(3.52 and 3.35), and conditions for the small-scale irrigation systems were the best(4.35). (2) From the regression results of the model, the influence coefficients of the management and protection modes and social network on the effects of management and protection are all significant at the 1% level. In other words, the management and protection mode and social network have positively promoted the improvement of the effects of management and protection of small-scale irrigation systems; (3) After dividing the social network variable into the network of friends and relatives and the general network, we discover that the general network has a positive promotion effect on the improvement of effects of management and protection, whilst the relatives and friends network has a negative influence on effects of management and protection, but the effects of the latter are statistically non-significant; (4) After the introduction of cross-term of social network subdivisions and the management and protection model, there is a substitution effect between general network and management and protection mode. The improvement of the general network level can weaken the influence of the management and protection mode on the effects of management and protection, or the optimization of the management and protection mode can weaken the influence of the general network level on the effects of management and protection; (5) In addition, the education level of rural householders has a significant positive impact on the effects of management and protection, the assessment of water prices by rural households and household irrigated area have significant negative impacts on the effects of management and protection, and there is a significant positive impact on the degree of clarity of power and responsibility and the government's size of investment.

In order to study how much the step ecological drainage of rice fields technology can effect on the reduce of nitrogen and phosphorus discharge in drain off water in rice fields,and to estimate the ratio of interception area,the experiments have been done in the test buckets。It is feasible to intercept nitrogen and phosphorus from large rice fields with small plots of rice as interception area. The interception ratio can reach 44.7% of total nitrogen and 50.4% of total phosphorus in the drainage water when the interception area reaches 1/10 of the other rice area.Considering the influence of the nitrogen and phosphorus interception and rice yield reduction, it is suggested that the interception area should be 1/10 of the other field rice area.

The structural parameters of the self-excited suction pulsed jet nozzle directly affect the pressure fluctuation characteristics and impact performance of the nozzle. Based on the time-frequency analysis method and the self-made underwater jet circulation system, the pressure pulsation in the nozzle with different structural parameters is studied. The diameter of the lower nozzle, the diameter of the cavity and the length of the cavity are discussed. Pressure pulsating characteristics, the optimal nozzle structure parameter ratio is obtained, which provides support for the optimization and application of the parameters of self - excited intake pulsed jet nozzle.

In order to investigate the characteristics of red crucian carp movement in the open stream,the trajectory of red crucian carp under various flow velocity conditions is recorded by a special fish swimming behavior observation device,and the flow field structure and vorticity is calculated by fluent measuring field. The results show that the velocity of the fish will be adjusted to the flow velocity when the flow velocity or vorticity changes greatly during the swimming process. When the flow rate and vorticity change are very small,the swimming speed of the fish is not changed. However,when the flow rate is greatly increased or the vortices are encountered during the wandering process,the fish will respond quickly.

In order to solve the problems of low control accuracy and low level of automatic control of small open channel irrigation in rural areas,a solar integrated micro sluice with remote wireless measurement and control is proposed under cloud service mode. The mechanical structure of the rotary sluice is adopted,and the calculation method of effective opening under different upstream water levels is analyzed. A local embedded control system is developed based on AＲM to acquire running state data of the sluice including the water level and opening. Data center is built on the cloud server to realize data exchange between sluice and cloud server. A model of water level fuzzy control with deviation factor is established to improve the accuracy of the opening control of the sluice. The remote measurement and control cloud platform for sluice is developed. The accuracy and response time of remote control are tested by using different configuration user terminals. The results show that maximum opening error is 1.1 mm,the maximum response time is 0.6 s

The implementation of the rural drinking water safety projects ended the history of serious lack of rural drinking water in Yunnan province so that the ability of water supply had got improved. However, there were many problems at the present stage: 1) Project construction costs were high, and scale of projects were small. 2) Designed scales of water supply were so large that the waste of productivities were huge; 3) Water price formulation was not reasonable; 4) The pass percent of water quality was in the low level. It was an important way to solve the existing problems of the rural drinking water safety projects that achieving regional scale water supply and integration of urban and rural water supply by means of vigorously developing local economy. We suggested countries should make top-level design and overall planning from a globe view, and establish the government-led multi-channel investment and financing system in order to attract social capital to participate in the project construction and operation. Projects manager tried to enhance capacity utilization, and industry managers tried to establish the water price mechanism based on water supply cost, saving water and farmers' tolerance and fiscal subsidies, and strengthen the disinfection and precipitation filtration of rural water.

In order to promote the construction of new socialist countryside, we must conduct village renovation planning, an important part of which is the renovation of drinking water facilities. This paper selects 10 regulation villages in total of 100 households as research object, investigates the basic information of water consumption through questionnaire, uses mathematical method to analyze the characteristics of rural water consumption and confirms 11 main factors influencing the per capita daily water demand. Furthermore, we reasonably speculates on the reasons for the positive and negative effects of the factors on the per capita daily water consumption. Analysis results show that the average daily water consumption basically increases as the family per capita income, laundry / bathing frequency or the number of water devices increases, while decreases as the family net population increases. When the price of water is charged per ton, the average daily water consumption is decreased with the increase of the price of water.

The household automatic disinfection device for drinking water is researched and developed to provide safe drinking water in Karst mountainous rural area, where the phenomenon of engineering water shortage is prominent, microorganism index exceeds the water quality standards and there is short of technology and equipment for household drinking water disinfection. The device combines the electrolytic tank using salt as disinfectant materials, disinfection tank and automatic control parts together to achieve the device miniaturization, modularization and automation. The rainwater or karst spring water, which is used commonly in rural areas but contains excessive microorganism, could be sterilized automatically by the device. The device produces disinfectant for one time and can sterilize drinking water many times. The study shows that under the salt concentration of 20g/L and electrolysis time of 15-20min, the effluent water of the device satisfies the hygienic standards for drinking water through disinfection of 5-10min. The running cost lows to 0.4yuan/m3. The household automatic disinfection device for drinking water could satisfies costeffectively the hygienic standards in Karst Mountainous Area.

To research the groundwater source well formation law in plain rural area of Heilongjiang Province, data collection and field investigation method was adopted to analysis the regional distribution, hydrogeological conditions, type of well completion and depth of well in the plain areas of Heilongjiang Province. The results indicated that, plain area of Heilongjiang Province could be divided into Sanjiang low plain,Songnen low plain , Muleng Xingkai low plain, Xunhe plain and Songhua river valley plain. In every plain area, when the groundwater burial and mining conditions were platform of micropore fissure water, residual hill (hill), western piedmont terraces deep phreatic water, the region was not suitable for drilling. In Wudalianchi basalt platform cave fissure water area,It is not suitable for large area mining, wells type was tube, the depth was 60~80m. In other areas wells type was tube, the depth was 40~150m.The purpose of this paper was to provide some technical support for the drilling work in plain area of Heilongjiang province, through the analysis of groundwater burial and mining conditions.