Abstract:The leaf lettuces with stereo cultivation in plastic greenhouse were selected as experimental materials to study the effcts of different irrigation water temperatures on the growth and photosynthesis of leaf lettuce and to explore the irrigation water temperature adapted to leaf lettuce growth.The results showed that :the irrigation water temperatures in the range of 25～35℃ could promote the stem diameter、plant fresh weight、leaf numbers、SPAD value and yield of the leaf lettuce in different extents.The growth situation was better with the irrigation water at 25℃ and 30℃,the treatments of 20℃ and 30℃ irrigation water had more significant influence on photosynthesis of leaf lettuce .The irrigation water temperature of 25～30℃ were more appropriate when combining the effect of irrigation water temperature on the growth 、yield and photosynthesis .

Through irrigating plant nutrient water, crop yields can be significantly improved. It is a low-cost, quick-result, easy- popularization agronomic measures. Based on the plot trials, taking the ordinary well water for irrigation as the control, through setting three additional irrigation treatments with different nutrient water irrigation quotas, the growth changes of plant and root of greenhouse cucumber are observed comparatively. The results show that plant nutrient water has a significant role in promoting cucumber plant height, stem diameter, root growth, and further significantly increases cucumber average yields and water productivity. Under the condition of the same irrigation quota, the cucumber yield in the nutrient water irrigation treatment is 1.24 times than that in the control. If the nutrient water is irrigated excessively, the more aboveground dry matter will be accumulated, while the production increase is not obvious, but also the water productivity is significantly reduced. On the contrary, if the less nutrient water is irrigated, the more underground plant roots will be accumulated, while the production will decline, but the water productivity can be significantly promoted. Thus, an appropriate irrigation amount of nutrition water is also a must.

Plain tidal river networks cities are populous Economically developed and full of rivers and lakes. With the recent rapid development of urbanization ,Urban Flood Control under increasing pressure. This paper takes the city of Haimen as its research object, adopts MIKE model generalize the river networks and hydraulic structures in the research area, in the hundred years of rainfall and tidal combinations, simulate and calculate the highest water level of the main river in the area under different working conditions, compare The water level change of main rivers in the area before and after the implementation of flood control plan, analysis the beneficial effects of flood control planning. The results indicate that in flood control planning of plain tidal river network city MIKE11 model has a certain value. Under reform, expansion, create new main river channel and lock station and other engineering measures, regional drainage capacity is increased and stop the tide of backwater from Yangtze River, the hundred years design water level of main rivers were significantly lower.

Scientific analysis of the rainfall distribution and reasonable division of drought grade were the key to optimize the allocation of regional water resources, ensure the most emergent irrigation case, and reduce the harm of drought. Meteorological data of the Ganfu plain irrigation area from the year of 1978 to 2012 was analyzed to research the distribution characteristics of rainfall and different drought grade. The results showed that rainfall distribution during a year was nonuniform, skewness coefficient of annual total rainfall tend to smaller than normal value, annual skewness coefficient of the time interval from June to September tend to more large than normal value. The results showed that there was no significant tendency change in the rainfall data of the annual value, the value of July, August and September. The results which was also derived from the data analysis were that drought year occupied 29% of the latest 30 years, the normal year occupied 71%, and the drought case happened in July was the lowest, most with the light drought, and the percentage of drought condition happened in August and September were both 34.3%, easy to drought.

Winter and spring drought is one of the main disaster in Yunnan province. We doing some research on variation of Yunnan winter and spring drought may provide the basis for disaster prevention and reduction. Using monthly precipitation data from 1960 to 2010 in 120 weather stations within Yunnan, six months which from November to next April standard precipitation index were calculated, drought frequency and station proportion from fifty years in different station were analyzed, we also used EOF, REOF and M-K methods to analyze the characteristics of winter and spring drought. The results showed that the central area of Yunnan is the mainly zone where winter and spring drought occures, The winter and spring drought occurring frequency is relatively low in the northwest. Moderate and severe drought is the main type of drought in Yunnan, and its influence was slowly increasing; mild and extreme drought affected small and decreased. Winter and spring drought is consistent in Yunnan province, the central area is the main arid center, southeast and northwest of the winter and spring drought showed opposite direction. We put Yunnan into central, southeast and northwest drought area, central and northwest area turn to rainy especially for central part, southeast on the other hand turn to little rain.

Urban flood control and disaster reduction scheme evaluation is classified as complex multi-attribute evaluation. The relatively hot issues of intuition fuzzy sets and interval intuitionistic fuzzy sets can process incomplete information, however limitations still exist for uncertain and inconsistent information，furthermore the issue of compensation exists among criteria during the evaluation of scheme selection when conventional method is applied. In this paper, the conventional multi-attribute decision-making method were improved, the optimized PROMETHEE method under neutrosophic set combining with urban flood control and disaster reduction scheme evaluation index were applied for the complex evaluation. The results indicate that the optimized PROMETHEE method under neutrosophic set can be an effective solution to the issues of conventional method with more reasonable result in decision information fuzziness and compensation among criteria. Finally, the validity and feasibility of the method are testified by empirical study.

Hydraulic barrier is important and effective engineering countermeasure of seawater intrusion, and the introduction of its experience will be help to promote hydraulic barrier study and practice in China. The related experiences were summarized in terms of artificial recharge and source water used for recharge. To date, the recharge enhancement manner includes infiltration basin, recharge well and river dam; the source water consists of rain flood, runoff, reclaimed water and deep groundwater. In the future, the desalinated salt groundwater could be also feasible origin of source water used for artificial recharge.

This paper discusses the Hydrochenmical?composition of the basin groundwater,and the water chemistry types, by analysing the ionic Hydrochenmical composition of the shallow groundwater in Hutubi River Basin. The analysis results showed that (1) Based on the water chemistry data shows that the PH value of groundwater is between 7.98-8.2, with an average of 8.05. The concentrations of the major ions of the groundwater showed:?Na+＞SO42-＞HCO3-＞Ca2+＞Cl-＞Mg2+＞K+, water chemistry type is based on?SO42- -HCO3- - Na+. (2) The?value of SO42-and HCO3-?are much higher,?Cl- content is relatively poor, beause of major ion composed from evaporation and concentrated of the rock weathering. The molar ratio of major ions Na+, SO42-and?conservative ions?Cl- indicates human activities in that area have an impact on the water.

Abstract: To assess the Chaohu City Urban Drainage (rain) in flood risk status, the status of the application software MIKE FLOOD urban drainage systems in flood Chaohu computer modeling. Chaohu drainage waterlogging combined system of specific information on the status of the proposed appropriate one-dimensional and two-dimensional pipe network modeling techniques coupled routes, water points application macro model validation calibration method, using short-duration and long-duration rainfall waterlogging design risk assessment, giving reference of urban planning for the integrated drainage waterlogging.

Owing to climate change, human activities and variations of the land use/ land the river basin, a series of hydrological factors have not only changed in the annual form, but also changed the distribution trend of monthly hydrological factors in a year. This phenomenon has seriously affected the ecological water demand in the river channel. The calculation and analysis of the ecological water demand will be affected by the runoff sequence after the variations. This paper proposes a distribution trend model of runoff by use of the gini coefficient, it is used to identify the variation points of runoff at Gadatan station in the Datonghe basin. Then the monthly river ecological water demand is calculated, and the effects of hydrological variation on ecological demand is analyzed on the basis of the comparison of ecological water requirement and mean flow, and the frequency of ecological flow failure frequency.

Abstract: The selection of the objective function is of great importance for model performance. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E) was the most widespread objective function in hydrological model calibration. Modified forms of E were made due to the inadequacy in NSE, which included logarithmic transformation (Eln), root squared transformation (Esqrt), absolute transformation (Eabs) and relative transformation (Erel). However, there were few studies focusing on the influence from different objective functions, such as the modified forms of E, on model performance. We used the FLEX-Topo model, taking the Upper Heihe River basin as the study site, utilizing MOSCEM-UA algorithm, to compare the model performance by setting different objective functions from the view point of the dynamic, mean absolute error and water balance. The results show that (1) the simulated flow of taking Esqrt as an objective function was the best among all of modified forms; (2) simulated flow of taking E as an objective function overestimated the high flow very much while all those of the five objective functions mentioned above underestimated the low flow; (3) the difference between the simulated flow of E and Esqrt was very small, but the correlation coefficient of Esqrt was a bit higher. In a word, Esqrt was suggested when Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency is selected as the objective function.

This paper would like to introduce the author.s system dynamic model to be used for the study of water resources carrying capacity of Dalian. The so-called system dynamic model of water re-sources carrying capacity has been established, which is divided into 4 sub-systems, that is,social subsystem, economic subsystem, ecological subsystem and water resources subsystem. The above research model has been developed with the intention to improve water resource carrying capacity of Chunhua under four various schemes, existing continuation, the city，s economic development,resource and environmental protection scheme as well as the coordination scheme, from 2014 to 2030,The statistical and calculation results indicate that the scheme1to scheme3 are difficult to achieve demand of the social and economic development in the future,the fourth scheme is a feasible scheme which can improve water resources carrying capacity of Chunhua country.

It is very significant for reasoning dam service behavior according to the results of fusion analysis and achieving dam safety monitoring to determine the weight of multi-effect quantities． The dam multi-effect quantity evaluation system has the characteristics of randomness and uncertainty，so measuring the uncertainty of dam system is the premise to achieve the reasons of dam service behavior accurately． The rough degree and rough entropy are proposed to describe and measure the uncertainty of set boundary and uncertainty of knowledge respectively after using existing research results for reference based on classical rough set theory and the limitation of existing research． The improved rough entropy model of dam system uncertainty measurement is built after combining the rough degree and rough entropy organically． Finally， taking an engineering project for example，the aims of the weight calculation of dam multi-effect quantities and the reasonable reasoning of dam service behavior have been realized． A new way of thinking is provided for the dam multi-effect quantities fusion analysis and evaluation．

Artificial sandstone joints are used for direct shear tests to study the relationship between the peak shear strength and the three-dimensional morphology parameters of sandstone joints. A new peak shear strength criterion of sandstone joint is developed based on the morphology parameters. Then, both the new criterion and Barton’s criterion are adopted to calculate peak shear strength of sandstone joint samples. By comparing the peak shear strength calculated and tested, the error square of the Barton criterion with the experimental results is 0.67, but the error square sum of the new criterion with the experimental results is 0.05. So the new criterion is proved more reasonable. Then, combined with the study on joint shear deformation by Barton and the hyperbolic function proposed by Bandis for the normal, the corresponding joint model is compiled in the three-dimensional discrete code (3DEC) with the C++ language. The uniaxial compression test and direct shear test are simulated in 3DEC with the new joint model. It is verified that the proposed model can reasonably reflect the mechanical properties of the sandstone joints.

In order to improve precast concrete appearance and external pressure, experiment on U-shaped precast concrete property should be studied. Different design of dry concrete mixture was done. By analyzing relationship between fresh concrete property and U-shaped unit performance, suggestion on keeping VC values and strength of fresh concrete under reasonable control was given. It was a good way to satisfy the demand of U-shaped precast concrete manufacturing processes and product property. Combined with influence research of concrete mix proportion parameters on dry concrete workability and strength, design concept on optimizing mix proportion by controlling fresh concrete property was put forward. By this way, fresh concrete property was in reasonable control, and also precast unit product quality was ensured.

The oscillation of liquid body in U-type structure was studied by 2D numerical simulation in software FLUENT with Volume of Fluid model, first, use the oscillation period formula of U-tube derived by WU Chigong to verify that the results obtained by numerical simulation are reliable. Then, study the oscillation characteristics of U-type structure, the influence of cross sectional area of the upstream and downstream reaches on the oscillation period, the attenuation of amplitude and the water flow regime in the process of oscillation. The results show that, it can increase the oscillation period when increase the cross sectional area of the upstream or downstream reaches, especially increase them at the same time. When the length of the middle pressure pipe is increased to a certain degree, corresponding formula can be fitted since the impact of increasing the cross sectional area of the upstream or downstream reaches on oscillation period tends to be identical. It can also cause large flow vortexs, increase the local head loss and significantly accelerate the attenuation of water oscillation when increase the cross sectional area of the upstream or downstream reaches, especially increase them at the same time.

Based on secondary developments with user subroutine UEL of ABAQUS, strain localization for the foundation of gravity dam is simulated by the strength reserve coefficient method based on FEM. The effects on progressive failure analysis of strain localization for the foundation of gravity dam of constitutive parameters, such as Cosserat shear modulus, softening modulus, internal length parameter are studied. The result shows that: the value of Cosserat shear module has little effect on the results when chosen within certain range; the softening module chosen within certain range, the progressive failure is almost the same, when it reach a certain value, the iteration of calculation does not converge before foundation yield region through, when shearing strength of foundation reducing, the soft interlayer does not yield, which does not match with the actual; the internal length parameter takes different value, the development of plastic yield region in progressive failure is almost the same.

Abstract: Aiming at the problem of the thermal parameters reasonable determination for temperature field calculation of mass concrete, through the study of the long time monitoring of large scale concrete temperature, projection pursuit technique, based on uniform design theory and the theory of concrete temperature field simulation calculation, a non-assumed modeling, is presented for the back analysis of thermal parameters for concrete in cold region, such as the surface of the heat release coefficient under different conditions, the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete, etc. The results show that the thermal parameters obtained through this method possess high accuracy and the thermodynamic parameters can really reflect the thermal properties of concrete. Not only the method combining experiment and the back-analysis is economical and simpleness, but can obtain multiple thermal parameters, it is of high promotional value for engineering applications.

The ability to reduce and eliminate the damage to fishes passing through the hydroturbine has become an important indicator to judge whether the hydroturbine is environmental-friendly. This paper established the original scaled Kaplan hydroturbine model and modified the geometry of the original model passages such as guide vanes、the hub、the shroud、the runner chamber based on the fish-friendly concept. The CFD numerical simulation has been conducted under the different schemes of the sole and integrated passage modifications, and compared with the original model test results under the same condition. In conclusion, the efficiency decreases 1.76% and the output increased 0.02 kW after the modification of guide vane, and the efficiency and the output were almost unchanged after the modification of hub and runner chamber. However, the modification of shroud enhanced the efficiency of 2.18% and increased the output. After the integration of all modifications, the efficiency declined 3.11% and the output decreased 0.05 kW.

Rural small hydropower station as an internationally recognized clean renewable and sustainable energy can provide the irrigation water and residential electricity for the people live in poverty-stricken areas on the basis of preserve the ecological environment. Accordingly, it has promoted rural economic and social development. But, after many years of running, the structure of the rural small hydropower station arises aging and worn, it is easy to cause safety accidents if no efficient remedial action is taken in time. According to a wide range facts of aging, cracking and leakage of structure of the rural small hydropower station, the types and causes of deteriorations are summarized and analyzed in this paper, and the corresponding repairing technology is discussed.

The establishment of accurate hydraulic turbine model is the key to effective modeling and simulation of hydraulic turbine governing system. GA-BP neural network based on back propagation neural network with genetic algorithm is used to model the nonlinear characteristic of hydraulic turbine. The paper presents the method of obtaining the sample data of hydraulic flow characteristics and torque characteristics of turbine by using the comprehensive characteristic curve and the runaway characteristic curve of hydraulic turbine model. And to extend the basic sample data as much as possible. GA-BP neural network is developed with BP neural network and genetic algorithm. The nonlinear model of hydraulic turbine based on GA-BP neural network is obtained by using the sample data for training. Comparing with the BP neural network in the simulation of the flow characteristics and torque characteristics of hydraulic turbines. The simulation results show the proposed method is feasible and superior.

In order to control the emergency flood in Xijiang river basin, this paper established flood control optimization scheduling model considering large hydropower reservoirs emergency. The model aimed at solving the problem of emergency flood in Xijiang river basin, making full use of the reservoirs and giving play to the role of regulation of hydropower stations to improve the capability of Xijiang river basin. The model takes the beginning time, ending time and safety discharge as optimization variables, aiming at gaining the maximum peak clipping effects and responding to the emergency flood. At the same time, the model implements the universal development, which can choose dynamic control sections and apply different types of floods. In this article, through analyzing the results of flood dispatching, it found that the emergency optimal operation enable the decrease of peak flow increased by 30% than conventional scheduling. The result shows that the hydropower stations herein optimization scheduling model has great significance for the Xijiang river basin in controlling emergency flood.

Focusing on the influence of pressure fluctuation in draft tubes when small hydropower run at low load, this paper establishes a hydraulic turbine model with pressure fluctuation and uses sine wave superimposed random signal to simulate pressure fluctuation. It analyzes the effect of fluctuation characteristics in draft tubes on small hydropower isolated operation. Through numerical experiments, it’s found that the turbine mechanical power and active power fluctuation amplitude is proportional to pressure fluctuation amplitude. The pressure fluctuation frequency is closer to the inherent generator oscillation frequency, the active power fluctuation amplitude is larger. Based on the analysis, it gives the way to restrain influence of pressure fluctuation in draft tubes and provides guidance for small hydropower operation.