This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and variation rules of irrigated areas，irrigation water use coefficients，irrigation water productivity and water－saving irrigation rate of medium－sized irrigation areas，based on the results of the first national water conservancy survey and the research on large and medium－sized irrigation areas in the Changjiang Ｒiver Basin． The results show that the effective irrigated area accounts for 76% of the irrigated area of the Changjiang Ｒiver Basin，and the provinces with effective irrigation areas are mainly concentrated in the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang Ｒiver． The irrigation water use coefficient shows that the upstream is less than the midstream，and the midstream is less than the downstream，and Tibet is the lowest，Shanghai is the highest． In the past ten years，water－saving irrigation area and water－saving irrigation rate in the Changjiang Ｒiver Basin has been higher than the national average，and the water－saving irrigation rate is related to the degree of water shortage and economic development． The irrigation water productivity shows a rising trend，and the adjustment space is insufficient on the planting structure． The results of the study will provide a reference for the large－scale efficient water－saving layout and popularization of water－saving irrigation technology in the basin．

In view of the present situation and problems of large-scale intensive and high-efficiency agriculture in the Shule Ｒiver Basin， research is done on the onion scale intensive agricultural water-saving irrigation mode，water requirements，agricultural tillage measures，combined with the analysis of water-saving and yield increasing effect． Agricultural factorssupporting crop variety selection，planting techniques and other agricultural measures are taken into account by adopting new fertilization and spraying technology and putting forward the scientific and reasonable needs of basin development scale intensive agricultural irrigation process control system

Ｒeclaimed water irrigation ( ＲWI) is of great significance to the control of agricultural non-point source pollution and the protection of the water environment of Lake Erhai． The appropriate irrigation system and fertilization system of rice irrigated by reclaimed water in Erhai are analyzed and summarized in this paper． The variation of total nitrogen( TN) concentration with time in surface water and seepage water of paddy field is also fitted． According to the balance of field water，the amount of total nitrogen lost for drainage and seepage under reclaimed water irrigation systems in different typical years is calculated，and the difference of water-saving and pollution reduction effect between irrigation and intermittent irrigation under ＲWI is compared in this study． The results show that the TN content of reclaimed water taken away from surface drainage and seepage is less than 1 kg /hm2 ( not including the effect of chemical fertilizers) under the condition that the TN concentration of reclaimed water is under 15mg /L，the TN use efficiency in ＲW can reach more than 95%，and the TN used by rice is more than 20 kg /hm2，the amount of clean water can be reduced by more than 65% and the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer application should be reduced by more than 15%． The intermittent irrigation mode is superior to flooding irrigation for the ＲWI of rice in Erhai Watershed．

Through indoor infiltration experiments of different infiltration heads under film mulched ridge-furrow irrigations with small tubes， the effects of infiltration heads on the soil water movements is analyzed． The experiment was divided into three different infiltration heads ( 3，4，5 cm) under film mulched ridge-furrow irrigation with small tubes and film mulched ridge-furrow drip irrigation with head for 4cm ( CK) ．The results show that during the period of irrigation，the cumulative infiltration volume and wetting front transport distance increases with the extension of time; At the same infiltration time，with the increase of infiltration head，the cumulative infiltration volume increases，the level of wetting front transport distance increases gradually，while vertical of wetting front transport distance gradually decreased． With the increase of the distance from the center of the furrow，the soil moisture content decreases． But the distribution of soil moisture uniformity increases as infiltration head increases． The results of this study can provide a basis for the use of film mulched ridge-furrow irrigation with small tubes．

In order to satisfy the requirements of tough water management system，the reservoir operation model under the control of gross water consumption is proposed． This model consists mainly of two parts: the annual planning of water supply and the two-period model．Through the operational model of macroscopic control，long-short nesting，real-time decision and rolling update，the gross water control objective can be realized in the operation of reservoirs． Based on irrigation users whose inter-annual water consumptions vary dramatically，the method of determining annual gross water control objectives is established based on the water use curve． The case study of the Wangying Ｒeservoir indicates that the model can guarantee the water supply benefit and overcome the negative effect of forecasting errors．

There are many factors affecting the prediction accuracy of hydrological model forcasting, the optimization of the model parameters plays an important role in the simulation results. At present, the parameter optimization methods methods for parameter optimization include the two types of single objective optimization and multi-objective optimization. With the development of parameter calibration method, more and more attention hads been paid to the problem of multi-objective analysis. As a multi-objective optimization algorithm, Pareto-Archived Dynamically Dimensioned Search （PA-DDS）has the advantage of optimization speed and stability by dynamically storing the Pareto front in order to prevent the loss of optimal solution. as a multi-objective optimization algorithm, dynamically stores the Pareto front in the solution process to prevent the loss of the optimal solution, so PA-DDS has advantages in optimization speed and stability of the solution. The Eelitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) has the advantages of fast searching speed and good convergence performance, so NSGA-II hads become the standard to test the performance of other multi-objective optimization algorithms; the AMALGAM algorithm has better convergence performance by distributinges the weights of the four related algorithms to realize the information exchange, meanwhile, the convergence performance of the solution is better. PA-DDS algorithm was compared with AMALGAM algorithm and NSGA-II algorithm in terms of convergence performance, also the uniformity of Pareto distribution and the similarity of solutions were compared with AMALGAM. The discharge data from 2005 to 2011 were model parameter calibration series, PA-DDS algorithm was used to optimize the model parameters and obtain Pareto optimal solutions was obtained by using historical runoff data from 2005 to 2011 of Baghmati river basin, finally tested the modelparameters calibration result by using the 5 five floods in 2013. According to the model test result, the PA-DDS algorithm can quickly get optimal solutions and the Pareto solution quality of Pareto is better than AMALGAM algorithm, the average uncertainty coefficient of historical floods fitting reaches 0.86 and, the forecasting accuracy of HBV model is high, it is showsn that the PA-DDS optimization algorithm has advantages in solving the multi-objective optimization problem of multi-parameters.

Based on the rainfall data at 24 meteorological stations and the discharge data of important hydrological station in the Liujiang Ｒiver Basin，we analyzed the correlation between rainfall and runoff at multi time scales by Pearson correlation and Spearman correlation analysis． Then we used Support Vector Machine ( SVM) to study the simulation of rainfall-runoff at multiple time scales based on particle swarm optimizer ( PSO) and genetic algorithm ( GA) ． The results show that: ① The rainfall has a significant positive correlation with yearly runoff flood season and main flood season，with the confidence level being 99%． The correlation of rainfall and runoff in the main flood season is the highest，and it is also high in the flood season． While the correlation is the lowest in the dry season，because the runoff relies on the water conservancy project． ② In the simulation of SVM in annual flood season and main flood season，the simulation results of the parameters optimized by genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization are relatively accurate． The simulation results of the parameters optimized by particle swarm optimization is better in the annual period，while the simulation results of the parameters optimized by genetic algorithm is better in the flood season and the main flood season． The optimal parameters by the two algorithms are applied well to runoff simulation in the Liujiang Ｒiver Basin． Simulation results serve as a reference for disaster prevention and reduction in the Liujiang Ｒiver Basin．

With the development of social economy，human activities are frequent，which changes the conditions of the underlying surface and also alters the relationship between the storm and flood evolution law． Based on the relevant hydrological data of upstream to Fengman Ｒeservoir in the second Songhua Ｒiver Basin，this paper analyzes the change law trend of historical storms from 1956 to 2010，historical floods from 1953 to 2010 Mann-Kendall trend correlation tests． Meanwhile，it analyzes the trend of storm annual variations and flood subrainfall and sub-flood，and explores the relative relationship between storm and flood． The results show that the historical storm rainfall has a trend of decrease first and increase then，dropping in the last 55 years． Flood often appears in July and August，and flood is distributed in the interval of Bai-Feng mostly． The trend of sub-flood and storm is rising simultaneously． The variation amplitude of the sub-flood＇s upward trend is smaller than the sub-rainfall in the Wudaogou Basin because of water conservancy projects and human activities． This study can provide a theoretical basis for the control of floods and the schedule of reservoirs．

Based on DEM, the Arcgis platform and its Model Builder were used to extract the water systems in the Hanjiang River basin and its nine sub-basins under a series of thresholds. The river channels of the lower levels were removed successively from the lower to the higher level, and then the data of each level were statistically analyzed for the fractal dimension of the water system based on Horton's Laws. The results showed that: under a series of thresholds, the branching ratios of the Hanjiang River basin were stable; its length ratios fluctuated; and its fractal dimensions varied in a large range, which averaged 2.21. When the data of the highest level were not counted, the average branching ratio was the same as that of the whole river network, while the average length ratio was larger and the average fractal dimension was 1.53. According to the structures of the river networks and the features of the channels in the nine sub-basins of the Hanjiang River, the data of the whole networks were statistically analyzed for Guanyinqiao, Xikou, Shanghangzi, Yangjiafang and Chaoan, while the data of the highest-level channels were not counted for Baokeng, Hekou, Shuikou and Hengshan. The results showed an average branching ratio of 4.51, an average length ratio of 2.66 and an average fractal dimension of 1.54, which were relatively consistent with the channel features and fractal dimension of the whole Hanjiang River basin when its channel of the highest level was not counted.

An outline introduction to the physical geography, meteorological and hydrological conditions, natural disasters was presented in NiYanghe Basin. Analysis of the hydrological and meterological data of NiYanghe Basin for using the methods of Mann-kendall test. the results show the evolution trend of hydrological variables.The study revealed that the inter-annual change of rainfall nearly the past 30 years in Niyanghe was little changed. But the runoff distribution of the NiYanghe Basin in a year is very uneven, it rained heavy and concentrated in the rainy season, and it was shortage of water resources in dry season, especially in winter showed an a downward trend;The temperature variation were basically the same,and an upward trend;The flow rate on the outlet section is improved in summer and the annual scale,the long-term trend of less responsive in autumn and winter. The results can provide the reference for flood disaster prevention and the integrated management in NiYanghe basin.

Groundwater hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient is a key parameter for the evaluation of groundwater pollution and simulation and forecast of pollutant migration，the parameters corresponding to different test types and solutions． In this paper，two test ideas of continuous injection method and instantaneous source method are put forward in combination with aquifer conditions in experiment zones． Considering that the parameters such as permeability coefficient，specific yield are easily and reliably confirmed，based on the above parameters，the flow model of the experiment zone is established and then solute transport is modeled． Finally，analytical method and numerical method are combined to determine the dispersion coefficient． In the process of using analytical method for instantaneous source method，optimal curve fitting all the way is put forward and parameter optimization is carried out under the principle of minimum error variance． The results show that，considering the required parameters are accurate in numerical simulation，numerical method can accurately and intuitively reflect the concentration change of the calculation and measurement values，and then get accurate results by adjusting parameters． The parameters＇results reflected by the two types of tests under different hydraulic characteristics are more objective and accurate． Such ideas about combining different test types and extracting parameter methods plays a good guiding role in determining the dispersion coefficient under different geological conditions in the future．

The content and distribution of different forms of phosphorus in surface sediments of seven small and medium-sized lakes of Wugong lake, Desheng Lake and Dazhong Lake of Lixiahe area were analyzed by the improved seven-step phosphorus fractionation method. Based on the discussion of the law of different forms of phosphorus, the present situation of the lake and the possible problems are studied. The results showed that except Jiulongkou Lake the content of total phosphorus (TP) of the lakes is about 410.52 mg/kg to 758.61mg/kg with inorganic phosphorus (IP) accounting for 73.87% ± 11.86%. Calcium phosphorus content is high, of which debris calcium phosphorus (DeCa-P) accounted for 44.60% ~ 63.23% of TP, and it`s much higher than the Self-generated calcium phosphate (ACa-P). The contents of iron phosphorus (Fe-P) and aluminum phosphorus (Al-P) were low overall, in which Desheng Lake and Wugong Lake were obviously higher than others. The content of organic phosphorus (Or-P) was high, and it changed drastically within the depth of 5cm in the surface of sediments. The contents of different forms of phosphorus in Jiulongkou Lake were obviously decreased. The results shows that the current eutrophication degree of Lixiahe area is flat with those of moderate eutrophic lakes and there is a trend of increasing, the input of calcium phosphorus is more than that of self-deposition. The overall impact of industrial and domestic sewage is still small, but the chemical plants can significantly increase the contents of Fe-P and Al-P in sediments, which increase the risk of phosphorus release. The agricultural non-point source pollution has a great impact on Or-P and the over-fence cultivation and reclamation of the lake resulting to the increasion of Or-P significantly in recent years.

The influence of the large water transfer project-South to North Water Transfer Project on the hydrodynamic characteristics of Miyun reservoir is simulated by MIKE21.According to the topography, hydrology and other information of Miyun reservoir, the hydrodynamic model of Miyun reservoir is built.The simulation results are in good agreement with the actual monitoring data, and the simulation error is within the calculation requirements. The model is tested according to the 2016 hydrological data. Based on the two-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical simulation, four kinds of water diversion schemes was designed, the influence of water transfer from the South to North Water Transfer Project on the hydrodynamic force of the Miyun reservoir is analyzed under the influence of different wind fields and different water diversion.

In order to show the effect of flood control and drainage in sponge city better，this paper studies the research based on Yixing City，simulating the result of rainfall flood control of rainfall intensity about urbanization and the combination of LID in the city with SWMM model ( permeable pavement，bio-retention pond and rain gardens) to probe into the regularity of water quality and hydrologic in this area． The hydrological simulation mainly analyzes the influencing factors like: average runoff，average infiltration quantity，average runoff modulus，peak flow and peak time． The analyses of water quality simulation include the surface pollutants: SS，COD，TN，TP in the runoff of rainwater to get the regularity through the variation． The results show that the combination LID measures have significant improvements on abating the verage infiltration quantity，average runoff modulus，peak flow． It also has great control on the overflow volume and node number，easing waterlogging． On the other hand，LID has a good control effect on the concentration of pollutants like: SS，COD，TN and TP and reducing their cumulative emissions．

in this paper, a numerical simulation method is used to study the sediment transport law of delta type Estuary under the conditions of different incoming flow rate and median diameter of incoming sediment. The conclusion shows that the variation pattern of delta type tidal estuary is similar to that in wet season, middle water period and dry season, and the median particle size has less influence on water level, and the tidal position is more important and plays a leading role. In the wet season, the delta erosion area on both sides of the head, tail, Delta Chau Chau formation sedimentation area; in water phase, Delta and delta formed in the center of the tail on both sides of the scour area, sedimentation area formed in delta front and rear ends; in the dry season, the water inlet to the delta head region of scour area, sedimentation area is exit end.

Tangbei river small watershed is one of the first 41 small watersheds in the pilot of comprehensive management of small watershed,in order to scientific and systematic study on soil erosion change law and the effectiveness of soil and water conservation.?Based on the ArcGIS geographic information system platform, the temporal and spatial characteristics of soil erosion in Tangbei river small watershed from 1975 to 2008 were analyzed using the Chinese soil erosion equation (CSLE).The results showed that:the soil erosion in Tangbei river small watershed was improved significantly, the soil erosion area decreased from 12.20 km2 in 1975 to 3.40 km2 in 2008, and the control degree was 72.13 %, although the soil erosion area increased in 1998 ~ 2008, but mainly concentrated in mild and moderate erosion grade;The soil erosion improvement was most remarkable in Laixi village in midstream and Dutian village in downstream,The spatial pattern of soil erosion was changed from the concentrated distribution in 1975 to sporadic distribution in 2008；From 1975 to 2008, the overall level of soil erosion in Tangbei river small watershed was transferred to lower grade,and from 1998 to 2008, the soil erosion grade was transferred to high grade, but its transfer area was less and mainly transferred to light and medium erosion.The overall improvement of soil erosion in Tangbei river small watershed was good.

This study investigates how different watershed partitionings affect flows，sediments and nutrients quantitatively by using SWAT model in the upstream of the Zhanghe Ｒiver． The conclusions are: There are two thresholds for model output responses． The lower threshold is 25．The higher threshold is 111． Simulation results for the sensitivity of the watershed division number are inconsistent in different flow years． Considering simulation precision and efficiency，the most reasonable watershed division level is about 79，the CSA value is 12 411 ha，accounting for 0．7% of the whole area in the upstream of Zhanghe by using SWAT model．The research achievements will lay a foundation for the accurate simulation of actual flows and sediments of the drainage basin and give technological supports to further studies in water resources and environment of the area．

To further study the hydraulic properties and improve the measurement precision of arc-based trapezoidal short-throat，based on ＲNG k-ε three-dimensional turbulence model and the VOF( volume of fluid) method in this study，Fluent6． 3 software are employed to simulate the three-dimension flow field in arc-based trapezoidal short-throat flume with different length of the throat． The variety of the water surface under different throat lengths and flows are analyzed． The hydraulic properties such as Froude number and head loss have been obtained． The unified flow equations have been established based on different lengths of throats of the same channel show that the average error value formula for measuring flow within 5%，it has highly precise and simple to use． This study provides a reference for the further derivation of measuring flume flow measurement formula and the application of arc-based trapezoidal short-throat flow measurement flume in the irrigation area．

Based on a basic understanding of the hydration process of concrete，the work employed a thermos-chemo-mechanical coupled model to simulate the temperature process of concrete，and achieved the numerical simulation of thermos-structural coupling phenomena of early-age concrete in finite element method． A multi-scale framework based on a homogenization scheme was adopted in the parameter studies to describe heat capacity and thermal conductivity of concrete． In virtue of the experimental data of adiabatic temperature rise of fly ash concrete specimens with different water binder ratios，the accuracy of the hydration model is verified and the hydration properties of fly ash concrete are studied． Simulations of the hydration process are run on fly ash concrete with different temperature boundary conditions． The results show that under different temperature boundary conditions，compared with the isothermal conditions，the degree of hydration and the young＇s modulus under adiabatic conditions develops rapidly at the same age．

The problematic soils mainly include the dispersive clay and the expansive clay in Heilongjiang Province. The dispersive clay is easy to be dispered and wrecked by water flows, and the expansive clay has the properties of water swelling and dehydration shrinkage. These properties are easy to cause canal engineering diseases, such as erosion, holes, piping and landslides. The dispersity and expansibility of the foundation soils in Hamatong irrigation canal, general main canal of Wanbei, Yintang irrigation canal in Heilongjiang province were studied with the crumb tests, the pinhole tests, the double-hydrometer tests, the pore water soluble cations tests, the exchangeable sodium percentage tests and the free swelling ratio tests, and the lime was used to modify the soils. The experimental results indicated that, the three foundation soils all had expansibility, and the soil of Hamatong irrigation also had dispersity. The lime had an obvious modification effect on dispersive clay and expansive clay, which could reduce the dispersity and expansibility of the soils.

The Ludila Ｒeservoir Bank stability of Jinjidadan Ｒiver Arch Bridge segment is studied in this paper． It is comprehensively evaluated by historical exploration，bank slump width predicted by two-segment method and bank slump changed slope estimated by limit equilibrium method． The following conclusions are drawn: Shaoxiangdao side of the arch bridge under multiple-stage deformation is done by inner and outside dynamic geologic processes，whose current and future stability of bridge axial slope tends to be stable． No geotechnical problems will threaten whole stability of bridge base． So bank slump does harm to the bridge and its affiliated structures． The current road side of the bridge has no bank slump problems． There are stability problems in the upper filled earth of current road bank slope． So bank slump threatens bridge base＇s safety． Simultaneously，the spoil disposal should be managed． Large-scale change for reservoir bank is abandoned． Key words: reservoir bank; bank slump prediction; bank slump width; slope changed by bank slump; stability

The cut-off wall in block stone cofferdam on the reef beach area is built directly on the rocks, boulders and bare bedrock on the reef beach area. Due to the numerous surface weathering groove, crack and sea ditch on the bedrock, lacking of silt, clay, weathering and other relative impermeable layer, coupled with lacking of natural water leveling blanket, which caused high risk on cut-off wall leakage. Based on the back -ground of Lufeng nuclear power station phase cofferdam project, the grooving process of the cut-off wall, the measures adopted for the bedrock sea trench, the research of plastic concrete proportion had been studied in this thesis. Through the quality check of the cut-off wall, it verified the feasibility of the construction technology for seepage prevention wall on rocks the beach stone formation, which has certain guiding significance for similar engineering.

Most of the hydraulic tunnels adopt the gate hole type and the circular section, the bottom of the gate hole is generally flat. In practical engineering, the temperature cracks in the construction period are mostly occurred in the side wall of the gate type structure and the crown of the circular structure, the cracks in the floor or in the bottom arch are few. The differences are obvious. Taking Wudongde hydropower station power tunnel as a research object, a 3-D finite element method is applied to simulate and calculate the temperature field and stress field of lining concrete with different structures. The temperature control characteristics are analyzed. The results show that the form and length of the structures have little influence on the temperature field of the lining concrete but have great influence on the stress field and cracking safety factor. In the case of the same structure length, the greater the curvature, the greater the tensile stress, the smaller the cracking safety factor. In the case of the same structure form, the longer the length of the structure, the greater the tensile stress, the smaller the cracking safety factor. The research results provide an important reference for the design and construction of hydraulic tunnel lining concrete projects during the construction period.

In order to further explore the influence of the hydraulic characteristics of the slit flow in the center of the cylinder with different diameter. In this paper, the velocity characteristics of the concentric annular flow formed in the pipe with the diameter of 50mm, 60mm, 70mm and 80mm at 40m3/h flow rate were studied by means of model test. The results show that the axial velocity of the annular slit flow first increase and then decrease from the outer wall of the cylinder to the inner wall of the pipe. When the cylinder diameter is smaller, the turbulent mixing of the concentric annulus flow is stronger, the greater the axial velocity fluctuation is greater. The axial velocity of the measuring points after the structure of the affiliated cylinder is obviously decreased.

In this paper, Gauchang District of Turpan City is the research area, according to the measured data and remote sensing images. Integrated application Envi5.0, ArcGIS10.4.1and other software, through the combination of spatial analysis and statistics.Based on the five aspects of terrain and geomorphic water storage capacity, elevation，slope, cultivated area and Soil texture,the influence mechanism of the spatial distribution pattern of Karez is analyzed systematically.The results are as follows: The topographic and horizontal water storage capacity ，the size of cultivated land and the texture of soil have an effect on the number and length of the distribution of the Karez. Turpan City, Gaochang District Karez regard Aiding Lake as the center was fan-shaped distribution, The direction of the Karez is pointing to the direction of Lake Aiding. The elevation and slope of the Karez is inversely proportional to the quantity, length, and flow rate.

Located in upstream of Muleng river and arranged with multiple foldback，Fendou fishway is the typical vertical slot fishway with 32．43 m maximum water head and large water level change amplitude． Combined with hydraulic physical model，this paper makes a detailed analysis about hydraulic characteristic inside the fishway under different operation conditions． Ｒesults show that the water depth inside the fishway is greatly influenced by water level of downstream outlet: the fluctuation of hydropower station tailwater can significantly increase water depth inside the fishway and impact longitudinal velocity near the vertical slot，which could hinder fish reflux． Through slowing down the longitudinal slope of inlet and adding more baffles，the water depth regions can extend and avoid rapid change of velocity．

The air cushion surge chamber is a water hammer and surge control facility with superior performance, which can meet the needs of power generation and take into account the ecological and environmental benefits. Due to the limited geological conditions, the structure of the air cushion surge chamber of the power station has been adjusted. The transient flow theory and calculation method are used to analyze the large-scale and small-wave transition process of the hydropower station with the air-cushion surge tank. The results show that the optimized air cushion surge chamber meets the design requirements, and the adjustment guarantee calculation of the unit meets the design requirements. The system is stable with small fluctuations and has good regulation quality. Optimized the overall layout of the water diversion power generation system, to save the project investment, with good economic benefits.

Because of forecast runoff value and forecast error，the hydropower station＇s output error presents different distributions，which brings some difficulty for the hydropower station management． In order to study the probability distribution of output error based on the deviation of forecast runoff，the correlation between them is analyzed． The three-dimensional model of the joint distribution is established based on the maximum entropy theory and Copulas connect function theory． What ＇s more，the output error ＇s conditional probability distribution is presented in the condition of different periods and different forecast runoff values and forecast errors． The result shows that using the three-dimensional model of the joint distribution to present the joint distribution between them is feasible，and it can effectively reflect the conditional probability distribution of the output error of hydropower stations in the condition of different levels of forecast values and prediction error in different periods． The results can provide important reference value for hydropower station management，and an effective way for power generation planning and modification．