A multi-strategy fusion improved Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm （MGJO） is proposed to address the shortcomings of the Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm in solving complex or high-dimensional optimization problems， such as being prone to local optima， slow convergence speed， and low computational accuracy. Firstly， by introducing a chaotic mapping strategy to initialize the population instead of random parameters， the algorithm can generate initial solutions with good diversity in the search space and avoid the initial population distribution deviating from the optimal value. Secondly， a nonlinear dynamic inertia weight is proposed to make the search process more realistic， effectively balancing the algorithm′s global and local search capabilities. Finally， the position update strategy of Cauchy mutation is introduced to fully utilize the guiding role of the optimal individual to improve population diversity， effectively exploring unknown regions and avoiding the algorithm falling into local optima. In order to verify the optimization accuracy， convergence performance， and stability of the improved Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm， eight benchmark test functions with different features are selected for experiments. The results show that among the 8 benchmark test functions， the improved Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm has achieved optimal results in terms of mean， standard deviation， and optimal value. In addition， the results of Wilcoxon’s sign rank test indicate that the improved Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm is significantly superior in statistics. Through practical applications， it shows that the Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm based on multi-strategy fusion improvement can effectively estimate the parameters of the Muskingum Model， and the optimization effect is significantly better than the particle swarm optimization algorithm， the sine cosine optimization algorithm， and the Golden Jackal Optimization Algorithm. This further verifies the effectiveness of multi-strategy fusion improvement and the superiority of the improved algorithm in parameter optimization. This provides an effective new method for more accurate estimation of the parameters of the nonlinear Muskingum Model.

The Sihu Basin is located in the hinterland of the Jianghan Plains， with low-lying terrain and prominent flood disasters. In response to the construction of drainage projects in the Sihu Basin， this paper couples natural runoff model， controlled runoff model， one-dimensional hydrodynamic model of river network with lake regulation and storage calculation model to construct a hydrological and hydrodynamic simulation model of the Sihu Basin. By taking 2016 and 2020 as typical years， this paper studies the impact of drainage project construction and different scheduling strategies on flood control safety in the Sihu Basin. The results show that the construction of drainage projects can significantly reduce the flood control pressure in the middle and lower regions of the Sihu Basin. Under the rainstorm conditions in 2016 and 2020， the flood peak water level of Honghu Lake dropped by 1.19 m and 1.41 m respectively， and it dropped from above the guaranteed water level to below the warning water level. The implementation of the joint regulation and storage of Changhu Lake and Honghu Lake can effectively improve the overall drainage benefit of the Sihu Basin. Under the conditions of rainstorm in 2016 and 2020， the flood peak water level of Honghu Lake only increased by 0.05 m and 0.16 m， and did not exceed the warning water level， the flood peak water level of Changhu Lake decreased by 0.73 m and 0.40 m， significantly improving the flood control safety of the upper region of the Sihu Basin. However， the water level of Changhu Lake still exceeded the warning water level due to the flow capacity of sluice and channel. The construction of the drainage projects has overall improved the flood control safety of the rivers and canals in the Sihu Basin. Except for the Pailao River （West）， Shaluo canal， and Luoshan Main Canal， which have experienced a certain increase in the average highest water level after participating in the drainage of the basin， the average highest water level of other major rivers and canals has decreased. The construction of the drainage projects can reduce the dependence of the middle and lower regions of the Sihu Basin on the Xintankou Pump Station and Gaotankou Pump Station. Under the rainstorm conditions in 2016 and 2020， the proportion of the total drainage of the two pump stations in the total drainage of the basin decreased by 13.23%~19.35%， and the flood control safety of Honghu Lake was improved. The implementation of the joint regulation and storage of Changhu Lake and Honghu Lake can improve the safety of flood control in the upper region of the Sihu Basin and reduce the pressure of drainage of the Tianguan pump station. After the implementation of the joint regulation and storage， the total drainage of the Tianguan pump station decreased by 60.97% and 57.23% respectively under the rainstorm conditions in 2016 and 2020. This research can provide a reference for improving the application level of drainage projects and enhancing flood control and security capabilities in the Sihu Basin of the Jianghan Plains.

The drought of water resources is the key factor that limits the sustainable development of irrigation areas. In order to improve the ability of drought prevention and control of irrigation area and make it play a better role in water saving and disaster reduction， Pishihang Irrigation District is taken as the study area. By dividing the sub-units of water resources allocation and setting up regulation and storage nodes， the optimal fairness and the minimum water supply shortage rate is used as the objective function， total quantity control， water supply capacity and different quality water supply as constraints， the non-dominant genetic algorithm based on elite strategy is adopted to solve the problem， and the regional General Water Allocation and Simulation Model（GWAS） is constructed. With 2022 as the base year and combined with 2023 planning year， it is divided into two categories： continuous drought and discontinuous drought. Based on the regulation idea of “three times balance of emergency drought” of water resources in irrigated areas， and on the basis of analyzing water shortage in irrigated areas under different drought scenarios， the drought resistance allocation of water resources in irrigation area is studied. The supply and demand balance of water resources under different drought relief schemes is deduced and analyzed. The results show that in the continuous drought year and the 2023 planning year of irrigation district， under the water inflow frequency of scenario I （P=90%） and scenario II （P=80%）， there are different degrees of water shortage in each township allocation unit， and the total regional water shortage rates are 35.1% and 20.8%， respectively. In the discontinuous drought years， in the 2023 planning year， under the water frequency of scenario III （P=50%）， the benchmark water allocation of the model can basically meet the water demand of villages and towns in the region， and the total water shortage rate of the region is 5.9%. After the optimal allocation of water replenishment at the tail pumping station of different drought relief schemes， adjustment of crop planting structure and external water transfer， the total water shortage rate in the three scenarios is finally reduced to 0%. After optimization， the water supply improvement effect of each configuration unit is significant. The research results can provide a technical support for the reasonable adjustment of water resources under different drought types in Pishihang Irrigation District in the future， and provide a theoretical basis for realizing unified water resources management and unified allocation of water resources in this region.

Under the background of global warming， extreme flood disasters occur frequently， with a particularly significant impact on Xinjiang， which is located in arid and semi-arid regions. The risk of flood disasters in this region is significantly increased. In order to improve the flood disaster response capacity of Xinjiang Province， reduce losses caused by flood disasters， and provide an example for rivers in arid areas to respond to flood disasters， this paper selects Kushan River in Xinjiang to carry out flood process simulation research. Kushan River is located at the western edge of Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang， which is a typical river in arid inland areas. This paper constructs a flood analysis and calculation model for the Kushan River， determines the key parameters and boundary conditions of the model. A typical flood is selected to validate the constructed model， and four indicators， absolute error （AE）， relative error （RE）， determination coefficient （R ²）， and Nash coefficient （NSE）， are selected for model evaluation. The calculation results show that the average absolute error of water depth is 24.1 cm， the relative error is 24%， and the determination coefficient is 0.66. The Nash coefficient of flow is 0.86， and the determination coefficient reaches 0.97， indicating that the constructed model and parameter settings have high accuracy. Using high-precision river terrain， flood disaster risk survey results， remote sensing information， a basin data base is established to calculate the flood progression， inundation range， water depth distribution， and inundation duration of the Kushan River under five typical frequencies of 10 year， 20 year， 50 year， 100 year， and 200 year， achieving large-scale simulation of flood routing in arid areas of the entire basin. The research results can provide a technical basis for flood risk analysis of rivers in arid inland areas.

Reservoir immigrants have made significant contributions to the national economic construction， and proper resettlement and support for reservoir immigrants are the keys to social harmony and stability. In order to objectively， accurately， and scientifically evaluate the efficiency of the use of post resettlement funds for reservoir immigrants in Ningxia from 2019 to 2021， a three-stage DEA model is used to analyze and study the efficiency of post resettlement funds in 14 typical districts and counties of Ningxia. The SFA method is used to eliminate the impact of environmental factors and random interference on the efficiency of fund use. The analysis results indicate that： ① It is reasonable for this paper to use the three-stage DEA model to evaluate the efficiency of the use of post resettlement funds for reservoirs in Ningxia. ② After removing the influence of environmental factors and random interference， the utilization efficiency of the support fund in the third stage increased by 55.1%， 87.8%， and 32.4% compared with the first stage， respectively， which improves the accuracy of the evaluation of the utilization efficiency of the support fund and can provide a reference for the development of subsequent projects. ③ Among the three environmental factors studied in this article， improving education level has gradually become an effective way to improve the efficiency of using support funds. ④ Through DEA Malmquist dynamic analysis， the total factor production efficiency of six districts and counties， including ZN County， PL County， and LT District， is relatively low. The main factors are low efficiency in fund management and improper scale allocation. Based on the analytic results， we will continuously improve the quality of life of immigrants by strengthening management， optimizing project scale and types， implementing classified policies， and providing precise support.

Because of the change of natural conditions and the influence of human activities， there are many environmental and geological problems， such as cut-off or attenuation， regional water level decline and water quality deterioration in the karst groundwater， it is necessary to study the impact of tunnel construction drainage on groundwater in the spring area for the protection of the ecological environment in the spring area. Based on the deep tunnel of a project in Shanxi through the Liulin springs area， the numerical model of groundwater in the springs area where the tunnel project is located is constructed （the numerical model of groundwater of the basin is developed by using the MODFLOW software）. Based on the long-term observation well data of groundwater， the model and related parameters are verified and calibrated， and the characteristics of recharge， runoff and discharge of groundwater system are described by model simulation， this paper analyzes the impact and recoverability of early construction and later drainage on the karst water level dynamics and springs flow. The research results show that due to the storage effect of the aquifer underground reservoir in the Zhike-Chemingyu springs area， the early and subsequent construction drainage has less impact on the supply of Liulin springs and has a significant impact on the regional groundwater level in the Zhike Springs Area and the Chemingyu Springs Area， it is estimated that by the end of 2025， a landing funnel will be formed in the north of Zhike Town. The research methods and results have a reference value for the ecological environment protection of other springs areas.

With the proposal of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals， China’s energy structure is gradually shifting from relying on fossil fuels to relying mainly on renewable and clean energy systems. However， clean energy represented by wind and photovoltaic power generation is difficult to operate and consume separately due to output fluctuations and uncertainties. Hydropower stations have good regulation capabilities and can operate in conjunction with wind farms and photovoltaic power stations to alleviate the instability of new energy generation. The southwestern region of China is rich in hydropower resources， and a large number of cascade hydropower stations with regulatory reservoirs have been built. The complementary operation of cascade hydropower with wind power and photovoltaic resources around the watershed， and the full utilization of the regulating capacity of cascade hydropower to bundle and deliver high-quality electricity， is an important means of achieving energy transformation. To quantify the carrying capacity of cascade hydropower stations on wind power and photovoltaic resources， this paper proposes a nested calculation model for medium to long-term optimal scheduling of hydropower to short-term optimal allocation of hydro-wind-photovoltaic power. The short-term scheduling calculation boundary is determined based on the mid-term and long-term optimization scheduling calculation results of hydropower， the scale of wind and photovoltaic power during short-term scheduling is adjusted， and scheduling with the goal of maximizing source load matching， maximizing power generation， and minimizing abandoned power are optimized. Decoupling is carried out by using a hierarchical nested strategy to calculate the scale of wind and photovoltaic resources that can be carried by cascade hydropower stations. Applying this model to the cascade hydropower station group in the Yalong River Basin， the scale of wind and photovoltaic resources carried by the “three reservoirs and seven cascade” cascade hydropower stations in the Yalong River Basin is calculated. The research results show that considering the 2025 planning level year and 5% curtailment rate constraint， the cascade hydropower in the Yalong River basin can carry 1.396 million kW of wind power resources and 10.74 million kW of photovoltaic power resources. The research results have a certain reference value for the optimization of water solar energy complementary power generation systems in the watershed.

There are sufficient illumination resources and strong solar radiation in Shiyang River Basin. It is of great significance to estimate the total solar radiation accurately for agricultural production in Shiyang River Basin. In order to evaluate the simulation accuracy of common total solar radiation models in the Shiyang River Basin and determine the model suitable for the estimation of total solar radiation in the Shiyang River Basin， this paper selects 5 types of total solar radiation models based on the meteorological data of Shiyang River Experimental Station of China Agricultural University from 2014 to 2018. Five indexes， namely determination coefficient R ²， mean absolute error MAE， root mean square error RMSE， consistency index d and overall evaluation index GPI are used to evaluate the suitability of the solar total radiation model based on different weather types. The results show that the comprehensive model based on percentage of sunshine， average daily temperature and relative humidity has the best simulation effect. In sunny weather， the cubic function A-P model has the best simulation effect. In cloudy weather， the comprehensive model has the best simulation effect， and the estimation model of total solar radiation in Shiyang River Basin based on weather combination is proposed， which provides a further model support for the estimation of total solar radiation in Shiyang River Basin.

Preferential flow during on-farm irrigation management can reduce water and fertilizer use efficiency and exacerbate the risk of groundwater contamination. Based on potassium iodide-starch dye tracing experiment， this paper analyzes the soil water distribution characteristics under surface irrigation DM， micro-sprinkler irrigation WP1 （20 mm/h）， irrigation WP2 （40 mm/h） treatments， verifies the validity of dual-permeability model based on principle of water volume balance， and uses four levels of antecedent water content （ 0.20， 0.25， 0.30， 0.35 cm³/cm³） with five levels of irrigation intensity （12.0， 24.0， 36.0， 48.0， 60.0 mm/h） in a rotating combination design for application analysis. The results show that water infiltrated in the form of uniform matrix flow in WP1 and WP2 treatments as a whole； the soil profile staining area under DM treatment can be clearly divided into substrate flow area （0~6.9 cm） and preferential flow area （>6.9 cm） in the vertical direction. In addition， the matrix flow depth and irrigation uniformity under DM treatment are significantly （P<0.05） smaller than those under WP1 and WP2 treatments， while their the fraction of preferential flow and wetting front curvature are highly significantly larger （P<0.01） than those under WP1 and WP2 treatments， which indicates that surface irrigation can activate more preferential flow paths， increase the degree of preferential flow development and spatial heterogeneity， and reduce irrigation quality. The dual-permeability model based on principle of water volume balance can effectively predict the trends of matrix flow depth and soil profile staining area ratio under different irrigation intensities （R ²≥0.927 6， NSE≥0.884 4， RSR≤0.023 0）， and the simulation results of the rotational combination design of antecedent volumetric water content and irrigation intensity show that increasing irrigation intensity or decreasing antecedent water content will increase the degree of preferential flow and reduce irrigation quality. Therefore， this paper recommend using “high-frequency， low-flow” irrigation mode in irrigation management to reduce the reduction of water and fertilizer use efficiency due to priority flow. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for irrigation decision， and the experimental data can provide important data support for the optimization and validation of the preferential flow model.

With the continuous promotion of rural revitalization， the importance of rural water conservancy facilities is becoming increasingly prominent. To explore how to improve the sustainable supply level of facilities and achieve sustained high-quality supply of government invested rural water conservancy facilities， this paper， based on a case analysis， concludes that clarity of production rights， rationality of operation order， and farmers’ enthusiasm for management and protection are the main influencing factors for the sustainability of government invested rural water conservancy facility supply. It also combines theories such as property rights theory， transaction cost theory， collective action theory， institutional analysis and development framework. A theoretical model is constructed to investigate the impact of clarity of property rights， rationality of operational order， and farmers’ enthusiasm for management and protection on the sustainability of government investment in rural water conservancy facility supply. Based on a questionnaire survey of farmers in multiple provinces in East China， an analysis is conducted by using SPSS 26.0 and Amos 24.0 software. The results show that ① the clarity of property rights， the rationality of operational order， and the enthusiasm of farmers for management and protection are positively correlated with the sustainability of government investment in rural water conservancy facility supply. ② The rationality of operational order and the enthusiasm of farmers for management and protection play a mediating role between the clarity of property rights and the sustainability of government investment in rural water conservancy facilities supply. The enthusiasm of farmers for management and protection plays a mediating role between the rationality of operational order and the sustainability of supply.

In order to study the hydraulic characteristics of the vortex drop shaft with tangential intake applied in deep tunnel drainage system and by combining the first deep tunnel drainage system applied vortex drop shaft： Qianhai-Nanshan Deep Tunnel Drainage System， this paper carries out physical model experiments to investigate the flow pattern， energy dissipation， exhaust capacity and the characteristic pressure value of the vortex drop shaft. The research indicates that the flow gradually forms water fins at the inlet position in each cases. After entering the shaft， a spiral drop flow is formed along the inner wall. When the discharge is extremely small， the spiral falling flow cannot be formed and the flow drops to the bottom of the shaft. The energy dissipation rate of the vortex drop shaft is between 81.9% and 89.5%， and the energy dissipation rate decreases with increasing discharge.Compared with the traditional vortex drop shaft， the drop shaft in this paper has advantages such as high energy dissipation efficiency and simple structure， which has a bright application prospect in the urban deep drainage system.

In order to reveal the synergistic effect of biological and engineering measures on improving saline-alkali soil， and to clarify the suitable buried spacing and organic-inorganic fertilizer application ratio for sunflower production in coastal agricultural areas， this paper designs three different hidden pipe spacing of 10 m （S1）， 15 m （S2）， and 20 m （S3）， as well as six fertilization treatments of 100% organic fertilizer （100% OF）， 75% organic fertilizer+25% inorganic fertilizer （75% OF）， 50% organic fertilizer+50% inorganic fertilizer （50% OF）， 25% organic fertilizer+75% inorganic fertilizer （25% OF）， 100% inorganic fertilizer （0% OF） and no fertilization （CK）. The response of sunflower yield， quality， nitrogen utilization， and soil available nutrients， organic matter， and total salt content is observed. The results show that under the same distance between tubes， the 25% OF fertilization treatment has the most significant yield increase effect， while under the same fertilization treatment， the S2 spacing is at a higher level in sunflower yield. Under different treatments， the 25% of fertilization treatment has the highest sunflower yield under S2 condition， reaching 3.82 t/hm². Increasing the proportion of organic fertilizer application is beneficial for increasing the content of crude fat， oleic acid， and linoleic acid in sunflower seeds. Fertilization treatment significantly increases the nitrogen uptake amount of sunflower plants， with an increase of 18.1-47.2%， 8.6-40.5%， and 8.8-34.5% under S1， S2， and S3 spacing compared with CK treatment， respectively. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of sunflowers shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase in organic fertilizer proportion， S2-25% OF and S1-25% OF treatments at a higher level， reaching 44.2% and 43.9%， respectively. The content of available nitrogen， available phosphorus， and available potassium in soil is positively correlated with the proportion of organic fertilizer application. Under S1-S3 spacing， the content of available nitrogen， available phosphorus， and available potassium in organic fertilizer treatment is on average 22.0%， 2.4%， and 26.4% higher than CK. The smaller the distance between hidden pipes and the higher the proportion of organic fertilizer application will lead to the higher the salt reduction rate of the topsoil. The salt reduction rate of the 100% of treatment under S1 spacing has reached 42.6%. Considering the factors such as yield， quality， and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency， this paper recommends using a 25% organic fertilizer application ratio under 15 m dark tube spacing as the optimal plan for sunflower production in saline alkali soil.

In order to study the irrigation uniformity of alfalfa under subsurface drip irrigation and propose a reasonable irrigation quota， this paper uses the method of field experiment， 3 irrigation quotas （20， 25， 30 mm） for subsurface drip irrigation， 2 drip irrigation belts for burial depth （10， 20 cm）， and 2 drip irrigation belt dripper flow rates （1.38， 2.0 L/h） are used to study the research， the effects of drip irrigation belt dripper flow， burial depth of drip irrigation belt， alfalfa growth period on irrigation uniformity， and effects of different water treatments on alfalfa plant height and yield. The drip irrigation belt dripper flow has a relatively large influence on the drip irrigation uniformity. Increasing the drip irrigation dripper flow can improve the drip irrigation uniformity coefficient. Under the same drip irrigation belt dripper flow， the burial depth of drip irrigation belt of 10 cm and 20 cm has no significant effect on the uniformity coefficient of drip irrigation. The effect of alfalfa turning green period and flowering period， jointing period and branching period on the irrigation uniformity coefficient is not significant. When the water consumption is 456.69 mm， the hay yield of alfalfa is the largest， which is 12 847.78 kg/hm². Considering the production factors such as water saving， high yield and high efficiency， it is suggested that the irrigation quota of subsurface drip irrigation of alfalfa in Ordos Otuokeqianqi Area is 25 mm， and the irrigation water is 12 to 14 times.

Aiming at the problems of difficult and inefficient safety maintenance of hydraulic gates， this paper proposes an information fusion fault diagnosis method for hydraulic gates based on support vector machine （SVM） and improved D-S evidence theory. The method constructs feature subspaces by extracting information entropy features of wavelet packets of different sensor diagnostic signals， and then constructs diagnostic sub networks in each feature subspace. Finally， the input of each diagnostic sub-network is fused at the decision-making level by using improved evidence theory， so as to achieve the multi-information fusion diagnosis results of hydraulic gates. The experimental results of gate fault diagnosis show that the information fusion gate fault diagnosis method can effectively identify the types of radial gate faults， with a fault diagnosis accuracy of 98.33%， and high diagnostic reliability. The diagnostic uncertainty of various faults is less than 1%. The experimental results verify the feasibility of using intelligent fault diagnosis methods in the field of hydraulic gates， which is of great significance for improving the troubleshooting methods of hydraulic gates and promoting the development of intelligent water conservancy engineering.

Sound and vibration are the direct carriers of running data of rotating machinery equipment. According to the principle of voiceprint monitoring， through data collection， pre-processing and extraction of eigen values， a voiceprint sample and model library of running data and voiceprint monitoring system of vibration data of large pumping station units is established by adopting convolution neural network deep learning recognition model so as to realize the real-time monitoring of the unit running data of the large pumping station.

In view of the traditional agricultural irrigation in hills and mountains， which usually uses artificial control solenoid valve for irrigation， the problems of water waste and high labor cost has come into being. A set of automatic irrigation control system based on fuzzy control and PID control is designed. The stability of PID control and adaptability of fuzzy control are combined to control irrigation time. The irrigation system of hills and mountains built by Simulink is controlled by conventional PID and fuzzy PID respectively. The simulation experiments show that compared with the conventional PID control， the fuzzy PID control system has significantly reduced overshoot and adjustment time， and has higher stability， adaptability and adjustment performance. It can be used in the automatic irrigation system of hilly and mountainous agriculture.

In view of the poor flow pattern such as bias flow and vortex in the inlet building of the expansion pump station project， the method of arranging diversion piers is adopted to optimize the flow pattern in the project， but its structural parameters are usually adjusted according to experience， which cannot easily achieve the optimal effect.In order to determine the optimal structural opening parameters of the diversion pier， this study uses the opening length， width， height and spacing of the diversion pier as design variables. The test scheme is designed based on the central composite design method. The axial velocity uniformity is used as the evaluation index. The response surface model is constructed for optimization analysis， and the optimal parameter combination for the opening of the diversion pier is determined. Numerical simulation is carried out under the optimal parameter combination. It is found that the error between the actual value and the predicted value of the response surface model is only 0.33%， and the axial velocity uniformity increases by 11.17% compared with the original scheme， which has significantly improved the flow pattern of the forebay. The results indicate that the established response surface model can reflect the relationship between the evaluation index and the design variables， and the method can be applied to the structural parameter optimization of the rectification measures.

In this paper， a numerical simulation model of the flow field inside the diaphragm valve is established based on the k-ε turbulence model （where k represents the turbulent kinetic energy and ε represents the turbulent dissipation rate）. The mass flow at the inlet and static pressure at the outlet are used as the numerical calculation conditions， and the accuracy of the model is verified through experiments. Based on this， the model is applied to analyze the internal flow characteristics and pressure field distribution of the valve body under different import flow rates （2.787~33.273 kg/s）， and an accurate quantitative relationship between import flow rate and valve body head loss is established. The results show that： ① the numerical simulation can better predict the head loss of the valve body under different flow conditions. When the inlet flow numbers are 5.546， 11.091 and 16.637 kg/s respectively， the relative errors between the experimental and numerical simulations are only -6.433%， 4.619%， and 7.264%. ② With a constant inlet flow， the static pressure decreases from inlet to outlet in flow passage. Flow contraction caused by the blockage of the valve wall and the flow impinging on the diaphragm creates a large static pressure gradient in the valve body. ③ After water passes through the narrow flow channel on the valve wall， a cavitation zone and reflux phenomena occur downstream of the valve body. The cavitation zone appears mainly in the 1/3 fluid domain away from the outlet. As the inlet flow increases， the vortex in the downstream of the valve body intensifies and the reflux phenomenon becomes more significant， but the scope of the reflux zone does not increase significantly. ④ After verifying the accuracy of the model， this paper studies the valve body’s internal flow characteristics and pressure field distribution under 18 different inlet flow conditions. The model establishes a relationship between the inlet mass flow Q and the head loss ? P of the valve body. For Reynolds numbers from 37 927~21 5984 and inlet mass flow Q from 2.787~15.428 kg/s， the fitting equation is ? P = \mathrm{2} \text{?} \mathrm{076.31} Q - \mathrm{7} \text{?} \mathrm{567.49} \text{?} ( R^{\mathrm{2}} = \mathrm{0.964} ). For Reynolds numbers from 240 097~467 009 and inlet mass flow Q from 17.141~33.273 kg/s， the fitting equation is ? P = \mathrm{5} \text{?} \mathrm{688.02} Q - \mathrm{67} \text{?} \mathrm{317.39}（ R^{\mathrm{2}} = \mathrm{0.993} ). These results are useful for hydraulic calculations in irrigation systems.

In order to meet the downstream water demand in the open channel water transfer project， this paper considers it necessary to formulate the control scheme in advance. The design of feed forward control scheme is often complicated， and there are many influencing factors， which make it difficult for dispatchers to make decisions quickly. Based on the storage compensation method， this paper applies feed forward control to the section from Diaohe control gate to Jialihe control gate of the middle route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Based on the calculation results of storage compensation， the relationship between the initial flow， water diversion flow and feed forward control time is analyzed， and a fast calculation formula of feed forward control time with single and double variables is established. The influence of different factors on the downstream water level deviation of storage compensation control is explored， and the functional relationship between the initial flow， water diversion flow and the maximum deviation of the downstream water level is obtained. In order to solve the problem that the deviation of the downstream water level under the original storage compensation control is too large in the extreme working condition of engineering operation， the feed forward control of the channel pool is carried out by using the secondary storage compensation rule， which effectively reduces the downstream water level deviation.

Dike foundation piping is one of the most important reasons for the dangerous situation and even the breach of dikes in Poyang Lake Area. It is of great significance to study and explain the disaster-causing mechanism of dike foundation piping in Poyang Lake Area from the mechanism so as to deal with the dangerous situation of piping and carry out emergency rescue scientifically.In this paper， an organic glass model tank is designed and manufactured， which integrates the functions of pore water pressure signal acquisition， seepage flow observation， erosion soil particle collection， graded constant head control， internal water circulation and so on. Based on the typical dike foundation structure of a dike in Poyang Lake Area， the physical model test of piping is carried out by using the prototype soil of dike foundation， and the whole process of piping occurrence， development and collapse of prototype multi-layer complex dike foundation is completely simulated. Combined with the experimental phenomena， the hydraulic conditions and soil particle erosion rate of the six stages （ surface crack development stage， latent layer failure stage， overlying layer failure stage， piping channel upstream stage， embankment foundation failure stage， embankment foundation collapse stage ） in the process of piping occurrence and development are analyzed， and the special embankment foundation failure mechanism of the dike is explained by analyzing the effect of vertical seepage force.The results show that the piping failure in the dike foundation structure in Poyang Lake Area is concentrated in the underlying sand layer. Under the action of osmotic pressure， the overlying weak permeable layer is penetrated by seepage， and the piping channel is formed on the contact surface between the sand layer and the overlying layer， which accelerates the erosion of soil particles and eventually leads to the dike foundation collapse. The loam layer sandwiched in the clay layer in the embankment foundation of a typical dike in the Poyang Lake Area cannot play the role of the transition layer between the strong and weak permeable layers. The law of soil particle erosion is similar to that of the embankment foundation without the transition layer. The growth rate of the cumulative erosion of the soil particles forming the surface piping outlet and the embankment foundation cracking is less than 0.1 g/s； the average overall critical horizontal gradient of the dike foundation where piping occurs is about 0.1.

Tetracycline hydrochloride （TCH） is widely used in medical， livestock breeding， and agricultural industries. However， because it is not fully absorbed by humans and animals while used， it enters environmental water bodies with feces and urine. TCH can damage the ecological environment， harm human health， and produce drug-resistant bacteria， posing threats to the environment and human health. Therefore， finding an economical and effective removal method is crucial for water quality safety. Currently， the removal methods for TCH in water mainly include chemical， biological， and physical methods. Compared with chemical and biological treatments， the adsorption method in physical treatments for removing TCH from polluted water bodies has the advantages of low cost， environmental friendliness， high efficiency， stability， and easy operation. In choosing adsorption materials， carbon-based and mineral materials often appear powdery， are not easily recoverable， and carry the risk of secondary pollution. In contrast， gel materials are suitable for removing organic pollutants. Thus， finding an inexpensive adsorbent with good adsorption performance is currently a hot subject. Montmorillonite （MMT） is a clay mineral with a stable crystal structure and high mechanical strength. It has a surface with many permanent negative charges. Due to its low cost， easy availability， and superior adsorption properties， it is commonly used in wastewater treatment to adsorb heavy metal ions， dyes， phenolic compounds， polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons， etc.， with good removal effects. However， there is currently no research specifically on using MMT for TCH adsorption. Against this background， this paper aims to study the adsorption performance and effects of MMT adsorbing TCH. Through research， it is found that the Freundlich isothermal adsorption model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fit well for MMT adsorbing TCH， indicating that its adsorption is multilayered and can reach 87% of the total adsorption amount within 60 minutes. The Langmuir saturation adsorption amount can reach 118.6mg/g. The Gibbs free energy ΔG0 is always negative， indicating that the adsorption of TCH by MMT is a spontaneous process. The calculated enthalpy and entropy changes are both positive， indicating that the adsorption process is endothermic and occurs randomly on the solid-liquid surface. Increasing the temperature promotes adsorption， which is consistent with the conclusions drawn from temperature effect experiments， further indicating that the adsorption process is an endothermic reaction and increasing the temperature is conducive to adsorption. The solution pH significantly affects adsorption performance. As the pH increases from 3 to 10， the adsorption amount first increases and then decreases， with the optimal pH range being 6-8. This is because， under strongly acidic conditions， H+ competes with TCH for adsorption， resulting in a lower adsorption amount of TCH by MMT. As the pH value increases and the H+ concentration decreases， the competitive adsorption with TCH is reduced， so the electrostatic adsorption of TCH by MMT increases. But as the pH continues to rise， TCH gradually transforms into H2TC- and HTC2- forms， creating electrostatic repulsion with negatively charged MMT and causing a decrease in adsorption. Based on the above experiment results and characterization analysis， the mechanism suggests that the adsorption process of MMT on TCH includes both physical adsorption and chemical actions， with the latter being dominant. The Al-O-H group in MMT can form hydrogen bonds with the tricarbamoyl amide and hydroxyl groups on the TCH molecule. At pH < 5， there is also a certain electrostatic attraction. In summary， due to the low cost of MMT， its fast adsorption rate， and high adsorption capacity， it has unique advantages in the adsorption performance of TCH， thus promising a bright application prospect in the actual TCH wastewater treatment.

After the construction of reservoir， the uplift of the water level leads to changes in flow rate， water depth and sediment movement， which may also affect the habitat of fish and other organisms. In order to demonstrate the influences of reservoir construction on the siltation and hydrodynamic conditions of the spawning site area and by taking a power station in LC Basin as an example， this paper establishes 1D and planar 2D nested water and sand mathematical model to study the form and position of siltation in the spawning ground， the changes of the reservoir backwater， and the hydrodynamic conditions based on the recommended normal storage level and the operating water levels during the flood season. The results show that the distribution of sediment in the spawning area under the recommended scheme is basically the same as in nature， there is no mutation area in the sediment content， and the construction of reservoir has little effect on siltation in the area. After construction， the area of spawning ground with “flow rate meeting 1.0~2.0 m/s， water depth meeting 0.5~1.0 m” increases in each month from April to July， and the change rate ranges from 8.74% to 317.36%. Under the recommended scheme， the construction of the reservoir has little impact on the habitat and hydrodynamic conditions of the spawning site area at the end of the reservoir， and can still meet the demand of fish. The research results can provide a technical reference for similar engineering planning and design.

The fact that rural hydropower stations are scattered in sites and discharge facilities differ widely in their forms causes the high costs of ecological flow discharge monitoring in China. Meanwhile， the irregularity of river sections and the randomness of hydrological situations also increase the difficulty of flow monitoring， impeding the extensive application of regular monitoring equipments. Under such circumstances， non-contact video recognition is an effective alternative. Based on the data extracted from a large number of ecological flow discharge videos， the authors develop a video recognition intelligent algorithm， which can be used to identify whether the ecological flow has been discharge or not. By combining a main algorithm and a sub-model， this system ensures not only the universality and ease of use of the identification， but also the accuracy of the identification results. The authors also develop a water conservancy video AI general component system， which integrates the video recognition intelligent system and the identification business process， and has been put into use in 499 rural hydropower stations through a period of five months. The effectiveness and promotion value of this system is testified by the statistics of all recognition results： after ruling out the cases where the videos or images are blurred， the average recognition accuracy under normal conditions is 97.8%.

The vertical slit fishway has the characteristics of simple partition type， good flow conditions of water， and clear mainstream position， making it suitable for fish migration in different water layers. It is currently the most widely used fish passage engineering. Under the same conditions of length to the width ratio， vertical seam position， and partition thickness of the pond， three types of fishway pond partition are preliminarily designed. Modeling software is used to build a mathematical model and numerically simulate the structure of the first type of fishway pool chamber. The numerical simulation process includes determining the model boundary conditions， meshing the model， inputting calculation parameters， and conducting solving calculations of model. The maximum flow velocity near the vertical joint of the 2~9 partition plate calculated by the mathematical model is compared with the water flow pattern of surface of the tank chamber with the maximum flow velocity near the vertical joint measured by the model experiment of physics and the water flow pattern of surface of the tank chamber， to verify the rationality of the optimization of the partition plate type and size in the mathematical model. The numerical simulation method is used to calculate three types of fishway tank structures， and the baffle type is optimized by analyzing the maximum flow velocity of the water along the main flow zone and trajectory of different tank structures， as well as the flow velocity at different depths near the vertical seam of the 5th baffle. A 1∶5 scale local physical model test is conducted on the determined optimized partition type， which involves measuring the flow velocity with different vertical joints in different depths； a model test of physics is conducted on a scale of 1∶20 for the determined optimized partition type， with measurements of the flow velocity at the vertical joint and the water depth along the way. The test results show that when the water depth at the outlet of the fishway is not less than the inlet water depth， i.e. in operating conditions 1 and 4， the flow velocity near the vertical joints of each partition is less than the design flow velocity of 1.2 m/s. Under operating conditions 1 and 4， where the water depth at the outlet of the fishway is equal to or greater than the inlet， and the flow velocity near the vertical joints of a partition at one′s inlets is relatively high. The maximum current speed in these conditions is 1.319 meters per second， while for operating condition 3， it is 1.561 meters per second， with both maximum values more than 1.2 meters per second. This paper recommends operating the fishway under conditions 1 and 4. At the same time， the hydraulic properties of fishway under water are examined， and it is suggested that a 4-meter per second impact flow velocity value should be used to improve structural strength in the baffle and guide plate of this multi-stage water tank located at the head of that channel.

Bars are one of the important geomorphic features in rivers. Studying the changes and morphological characteristics of bars can provide basic information for understanding the evolution of rivers. The valley of the middle section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River exhibits an alternating pattern of wide and narrow segments， with the braided channel features being prominent in the wide valley sections. The braided river channels are characterized by a complex network of meandering channels and numerous bars and point bars. The evolution of these river bars is also highly complex. To probe the evolution patterns of bars in the typical braided river channel of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River， this study focuses on the Zaxi Raodeng-Paizhen braided river section in the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Based on 21 Landsat satellite images in November from 1986 to 2022 and utilized ArcGIS software to extract and analyze the characteristic parameters of bars within this specific river segment. In addition， the analysis incorporated morphological index and fragmentation index to examine the area characteristics and planform changes of the bars. The research findings indicate that in the Zaxi Raodeng-Paizhen river section， 80% of the bars area less than 1 km²， while only 1-3 bars area larger than 5 km²， accounting for 1% to 2% of the total number of bars. Additionally， there is a significant difference in the area between bars. During the period from 1986 to 2022， the number and area of bars in the Zaxi Raodeng-Paizhen River section have shown no significant trend or abrupt change. The overall variations range are very small. Separated the study reaches at the confluence of the Niyang River to Yarlung Tsangpo River， the bars in the upstream section are more fragmented and scattered in their distribution. These bars predominantly consist of small-sized bars and the morphology of the bars tends to be short and wide. Over the years， the upstream section river dynamics have been relatively stable， and the distribution and morphology of the bars have shown small changes over time. In the downstream section of the river， the distribution of bars is relatively concentrated. These bars mainly consist of large expanse shoals， and their morphology tends to be elongated in shape. Over the years， there have been significant changes in the river's dynamics， and there have been significant changes in both the distribution and morphological characteristics of the bars. Generally， the morphology of bars in the downstream section of the river has undergone more noticeable changes compared to the upper reaches. The study has elucidated the characteristics of bars in the Zaxi Raodeng-Paizhen River section of the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River， as well as their long-term morphological changes. The conclusions drawn from this study can provide some references for river management and engineering development in the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.

To scientifically evaluate the risk assessment level of lake reservoir type water source areas and take the Luokeng Reservoir water source area in Dianbai District， Maoming City as an example， based on the systematic literature review method， this paper constructs a risk assessment index system for lake reservoir type water source areas from three aspects： water element， management element， and socio-economic element， covering nine levels： water quality， water quantity， aquatic ecology， management and protection level， emergency level， agriculture， industry， economy， and life， with a total of 27 three-level indicators. And it analyzes and determines the risk threshold of the response index， uses fuzzy mathematics to calculate the fuzzy membership function value of the risk evaluation index， and uses the normalization formula of the mutation evaluation method to calculate the total membership function value of the first level evaluation index and the risk evaluation system step by step. The results indicate that the risk level of water sources is closely related to the investment in water source construction. Since the water source area of Luokeng Reservoir is designated as a drinking water source area in 2018， with the increase in investment in water source construction and the enhancement of protection efforts， the risk of water source areas has gradually decreased. From 2018 to 2022， the overall risk assessment level of the water source area of Luokeng Reservoir was ranked as higher risk， higher risk， medium risk， lower risk， and lower risk； The risk assessment levels of water elements are in order of high risk， low risk， low risk， low risk， and low risk. The level transformation of water elements is closely related to the improvement of the annual water supply guarantee rate， annual precipitation， and vegetation coverage rate of the third level indicators. The risk assessment levels of management elements are sequentially high risk， high risk， high risk， low risk， and medium risk. The risk assessment level transformation of management elements is synchronized with the construction investment of Luokeng Reservoir. The risk assessment levels of socio-economic factors are in order of lower risk， medium risk， medium risk， lower risk， and lower risk. The changes in risk levels of socio-economic factors are closely related to industrial wastewater discharge and economic growth rate. This result is consistent with the objective situation of Luokeng Reservoir and is highly reliable. Although the risk of Luokeng Reservoir is relatively low now， it still needs to increase investment in the future. The management department of the water source area of Luokeng Reservoir should actively cooperate with various relevant departments to accelerate the standardized construction of the protected area， increase the comprehensive renovation of the protected area， improve the monitoring level， management personnel level， and emergency level of the water source area， comprehensively ensure the safety of the water source area， and further reduce the risk level of the water source area.

In view of the fact that the multi-stage pump type intermediate guide vane designed according to the pump working condition cannot meet the runner’s requirements for flow circulation when used in hydraulic turbine devices， the influence of key structural parameters of pump type equal diameter positive and negative guide vanes on water head loss， efficiency and working head of hydraulic turbine devices is studied by combining the hydraulic turbine design theory and CFD numerical simulation. The results show that appropriately increasing the diameter of the inlet edge of the reverse guide vane， chamfering the edge of the baffle， and chamfering the inner and outer walls of the inter-stage guide vane inlet can reduce the head loss of the inter-stage guide vane and improve the working efficiency of the hydraulic turbine； the shape and number of guide vanes have a significant impact on their outlet water flow velocity circulation； increasing the wrap angle or increasing the number of blades can enhance the forcing effect of the guide vanes on water flow， increase the outlet water circulation， but increase the head loss of the guide vanes. This paper can provide a reference for the design of the same diameter forward and backward guide vanes used in hydraulic turbines.

To meet the requirements of developing high head and huge capacity hydropower plants， this paper proposes a new Pelton turbine that joints three runners by one vertical shaft to have a rated head of 1 000 m and a single unit capacity close to 800 MW. The design concept of increasing capacity by increasing the number of runners and the structural components of the new turbine-generator unit are explained， the theoretical design parameters of the runner are calculated and presented， the performance characteristics and the flow patterns in runner and casing are predicted and optimized by CFD simulation. The results show that the rated operating efficiency of the turbine can reach 87%， and the operating characteristic curves are smooth for different heads and outputs， the water splashing interference in the casing is an important factor affecting the efficiency of the turbine. By optimizing the layout of the runners and nozzles in the casing to suppress the splashing interference， the efficiency level， torque oscillation， and operation stability of the Pelton turbine can be improved. This preliminary attempt has demonstrated the feasibility of the concept and also found the importance of optimizing the water splashing in the casing， which has reference values for further researches.

The paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis method for hydroelectric units to address the challenge of achieving high-precision fault diagnosis due to the non-stationarity and non-linearity of vibration signals， which makes it difficult to extract single features. The method utilizes convolutional neural networks to extract vibration signal features， and employs empirical mode decomposition and approximate entropy to construct signal feature vectors， which are used to create a fusion feature vector. Furthermore， a BP neural network is trained with the fusion feature vector as input and the fault category as output to obtain a hydroelectric unit fault recognizer that can identify the unit′s operating state as normal or with a specific fault type. The validity of the proposed method in signal feature mining and its high fault diagnosis accuracy are verified through rotor experimental data.

The rotor vibration fault identification of hydro-generator is a difficult problem in hydropower station operation and maintenance. Therefore， a fault identification method based on rotor vibration signal is proposed. Firstly， for the non-stationary and non-linear vibration signals of generator rotor， singular value decomposition （SVD） is used for denoising preprocessing combined with energy difference spectrum theory； the preprocessed data is transformed into time-frequency graph by continuous wavelet transform （CWT） and formed into image data set. Then the image data set is used as convolutional neural network （CNN） input， and distributed fault feature expression is formed by CNN multi-layer pooling and convolution. Finally hydro-generator rotor fault mode recognition and classification are realized. The experimental results show that the accuracy of this method is above 99.5%， which can effectively identify the fault types of hydro-generator rotor.

Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing methods of energy efficiency management level evaluation for hydropower stations， this paper introduces Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution （TOPSIS） method into the evaluation process. The evaluation index system of energy efficiency management of hydropower station is constructed by considering the three aspects of economy， safety and management comprehensively. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the nine scale method， the paper uses the exponential scale method to determine the weight of each index. What′s more， TOPSIS method and expert scoring method are used to score the quantitative indicators and the qualitative indicators， respectively， so as to further realize the comprehensive evaluation of the hydropower station energy efficiency management level. An actual hydropower station is taken as an example to analyze and calculate the score of the energy efficiency management level of the hydropower station from 2018 to 2022.The results show that the energy efficiency management level of the hydropower station is on the rise.

Due to hydraulic， mechanical， electromagnetic and other reasons， vibration will inevitably occur during the operation of the hydroelectric generating set. As the supporting structure of the hydroelectric generating set， the stability of the pier is very important. In this paper， the whole model of the pier， volute， draft tube and foundation is established. The amplitude of any part of the pier under the resonant load can be obtained by numerical simulation. On this basis， the response surface method is used by statistical method. The two parameters of the inner diameter and thickness of the pier are taken as the design variables， and the information weight method is used to replace the maximum amplitude of the pier in the vertical， radial and circumferential directions with a comprehensive objective function， and the comprehensive objective function is used as the optimization objective. The response surface model is established and the pier model is optimized. The results show that the maximum amplitude of the optimized pier in the vertical direction is reduced by 17.8%， the maximum amplitude in the circumferential direction is reduced by 4.7%， and the maximum amplitude in the radial direction is reduced by 1.4%. The recommended value range of the inner diameter of the pier is 1.73D ₁ ~ 1.83D _1， and the recommended value range of the pier thickness is 0.50D ₁ ~ 0.63D ₁. The optimization design method of response surface can be effectively applied to the vibration reduction design of hydropower station pier.

In order to propose an accurate and rapid method for the determination of the permeability coefficient of clay in the core of an earth-rock dam， this paper establishes an ellipsoidal horizontal flow model for the seepage flow based on CPTU， which is suitable for the evaluation of the horizontal permeability coefficient of compacted soil. It firstly reviews the previous research results of soil permeability coefficient estimation based on CPTU， and then， from the practical perspective， analyzes and deduces the simple mechanical model of pore water pressure distribution generated by the soil injected by the probe. After the measured data are compared， it concludes that the distribution of negative exponential function has a strong correctness. Then an evaluation method of permeability coefficient based on ellipsoidal horizontal seepage model is derived. It is proved by an engineering example that the method in this paper improves the previous methods in theory and calculation accuracy， and has a good prospect in engineering application.

The traditional monitoring model for concrete dam displacement often ignores analyses of pertinent information within the residual sequence， leading to suboptimal predictive performance for dam displacement. The purpose of this paper is to improve the accuracy of prediction models. To address this issue， a dual-layer displacement prediction model for concrete dam， which considers signal residual amendment， is proposed. Firstly， influential factors affecting dam displacement are selected based on the statistical model of traditional concrete dam displacement. Secondly， the sparrow search algorithm （SSA） is employed to determine the hyperparameters of extreme learning machines （ELM） in order to establish the single-layer prediction model SSA-ELM， which yields single-layer model displacement prediction values for dams. Next， the Variational Mode Decomposition （VMD） technique along with the Minimum Sample Entropy （SE） and correlation analysis is utilized， the residual sequence is decomposed and reconstructed. Finally， by using the SSA-ELM model to correct the reconstructed sequence and combining the corrected values with the single-layer model displacement prediction values， the dual-layer prediction model SSA-ELM-VMD ^r + is constructed， allowing for the final displacement prediction values. The engineering validation of the model demonstrates that the dual-layer prediction model exhibits higher prediction accuracy and stronger generalization ability compared with other models. Moreover， the model effectively extracts valuable information from the residual and overcomes noise interference. This paper provides a new reference for dam safety monitoring， health service diagnosis and management operations.

Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to quickly realize digital modeling due to the large number of parts of the full-pitch stacked winding of large-scale hydroelectric generators and the complex connection logic between the wire bars， this paper proposes a modeling method of full-pitch stacked winding of generators driven by connection logic. Firstly， based on 3D modeling software and the 3D visualization application engine platform， an interactive virtual component model library is constructed. Then， according to the electrical principle of the full-pitch stacked winding， the connection logic is converted into a two-dimensional sequence with clear relationship， so that the winding can be quickly visualized in the virtual scene. Finally， the logic driving model that can be quickly understood by the computer， auxiliary applications such as generator stator winding structure cognition and fault repair is designed. This method shortens the time to construct the 3D model of stator winding， and at the same time， the combination of clear hierarchical equipment tree and 3D visualization model and human-computer interaction interface helps operation and maintenance personnel quickly understand the complex structure of winding and its assembly relationship.

To reveal the mesoscopic failure mechanism of plastic concrete， this paper establishes a triaxial test model with flexible membrane boundary to investigate the meso-deformation and failure mechanism of plastic concrete based on PFC-FLAC3D simulation. The empirical function is derived to describe the relationship of the macroscopic uniaxial mechanical strength and triaxial mechanical strength in plastic concrete under different confining pressure by multivariate nonlinear method. The results show that the higher confining pressure restricts the internal particle motion and the shear band shape is more obvious under lower confining pressure. High confining pressure helps to improve the structural integrity and weaken the size effect of compressive strength. As the size of sample increases， the lateral bulging deformation of sample decreases and the particles connect within the oblique section decrease， resulting in the reduction of the X-shaped shear surface. Finally， the multivariate nonlinear fitting method is used to describe the relationship of uniaxial mechanical strength and triaxial mechanical strength under different confining pressure in terms of quantitative， which provides a theoretical basis for subsequent research.