The combination of the filter becomes the main research direction to improve the filter’s performance and applicable scope. In order to investigate the performance of the combined filter,the experimental device combined the spiral flow filter and the swirl filter in tandem connection.The design of test select the 0.14g/L、0.19g/L and 0.24 g/L three groups and ratio.They were used to contrasted with clean water. Test showed that the swirl and screen type combined filter had a good adaptability.when the flow in the rang of 100～180 m3/ h, local head loss curved of double inflection point. Under the condition of constant flow, filter performance decides by the rate of sediment significantly.With the increase in the rate of sand ratio, stable running time reduced intensify.Compared with the 0.24g/L and 0.19g/L sand ratio,stable operation cycle significantly shortened about 40%.In order to provide theoretical support for combined filtering device、large filter station’s head loss factor and the filter performance of the system changes.

Agricultural irrigation area is the main water user of agriculture, and its water-saving level is directly related to the realization of the whole agricultural water-saving goal. Shijin Irrigation District of Hebei Province was chosen as the study area and according to its actual situation, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on cloud model and variable fuzzy clustering iterative model was proposed to assess the level of water saving in the irrigation district from 2002-2011. This method overcame the randomness and fuzziness of the membership degree determination effectively, and made the weight determination more reasonable as well. The results showed that the water saving level of the irrigation area improved year by year, and the water saving type changed from consumption to transition. However, the whole utilization coefficients of canal-system water and irrigation water were low and needed to be further improved. The research results can provide technical support for water saving evaluation of large-scale irrigation districts and water-saving management of irrigation districts.

Greenhouse tomatoes belong to Lanzhou Plateau summer vegetable cultivation mode and the traditional irrigation method is the ridge and furrow irrigation and irrigation on yield and economic benefit of low use of ridge film mulching and furrow irrigation under film drip irrigation，in reducing the amount of irrigation． To improve the yield and quality of tomatoes，water production efficiency，save water and fertilizer and increase output，this experiment uses model under film drip irrigation and other water-saving techniques，selection of different varieties of different water -saving mode and the yield and quality of correlation to direct the local tomato production．

Based on soil conservation and ecological effect of plastic mulching and straw cover，integration wheat straw and plastic film composite system，the process，yield，water consumption and efficiency are analyzed，the level of soil organic matter of corn has been improved under different kinds of coverage． The results show that the effect of the growth period of wheat straw and plastic film composite cover the wheat straw mulching and no mulching treatment early around 10 d，its water consumption is relatively small，has the function of water conservation，reduces ineffective evaporation． Compared with no cover processing，plastic film mulching reduces water consumption by 38．6 mm，composite cover reduces water consumption by 44． 0 ～ 59． 6 mm． The treatment of plastic film mulching water use efficiency increases by 41．0%，composite cover increases by 20． 8% ～ 30． 1%． Compared with previous sowing composite cover promoting the soil，organic matter content increases by 8．62% ～ 14．94%． Improving the wheat straw utilization has positive effects，and has solved the straw mulching technology in popularization and application of“cold environment + low emergence+ low output”．

According to “3414”field experiment in Tongyu Irrigation Experiment Station, Jilin Province,multiple fertilizer effect function model for maize fertilization (N, P, K) and yield was established，the fertilizer parameters were solved，the best fitting degree, the highest yield, the best economic yield and the ratio of production and invest of each fertilizer effect function model were analyzed,the optimal fertilizer effect function model of N, P, K fertilizer was selected.The results of the study show that: The order of influence of three fertilizers was N> P2O5> K2O on maize yield,increasing fertilizer was beneficial to increase maize yield Within a certain range;The fitting degree of three- factor fertilizer model was good and regression significant,one-and two-element fertilizer effect model can be used as supplement and supplement to optimize maize fertilization scheme;The best economic yield from three- factor fertilizer model was 12016.74kg/ha,the recommended fertilization parameter was N 164.74kg/ha、P2O5 68.73kg/ha、K2O 61.00kg/ha,fertilizer value was 1465.10 yuan/ha,the ratio of production and invest was 8.86;The results of this study can improve the utilization of fertilizer, reduce production costs and effectively guide the local agricultural production.

Exploring the mechanism of soil salinization in southern oasis area is of great significance for the development and improvement of saline land． In this paper，the characteristics of capillary water upward movement are studied in the homogeneous sandy loam soil through indoor experiments of soil pillar under the condition that the soil bulk density( 1．3，1．4，1．5 g /cm3) and total dissolved solids( TDS) ( 0．5、1．5、3．2、8．1、21．2 g /kg) were conduced． The results showed that the capillary water rise height increases with time，but the growth rate decreases with increasing time; capillary water rise height decreases as soil bulk density increases under the same TDS，the salinity of 1．5 g / L of capillary water rise height maximum when the soil bulk density is 1．3～ 1．4 g /cm3，the soil bulk density for 1．5 g /cm3，salinity 0．5 g /L of capillary water rise height maximum; there is a power function relationship between the height of upward capillary water and time when soil bulk density is 1．3 g /cm3，but exponential function can be seen when soil bulk density is 1．5 g /cm3． Capillary water rise rate decreases as the soil bulk density increases under the same TDS． Soil salt content accumulated on capillary water wetted front，salt accumulation rate increases with TDS and infiltration time． The research results can provide references for the improvement of soil salinization in the oasis of Southern Xinjiang．

Outdoor stimulation method was conducted to analyze the effect of different fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and loss by runoff and leaching in continuous maize cropping system in Northeast China. The results showed compared with farmer conventional fertilization, controlled release fertilizer could decrease 17.5% nitrogen loss; straw returning fertilization could drop 36% nitrogen loss and 23.2% phosphorus loss; however, manure fertilization decreased 4.9% nitrogen loss and remarkably increased 53.3% phosphorus loss. Nitrogen and phosphorus loss by runoff was the main way for non-point pollution.

To improve saline soil and exploit shallow salt groundwater reasonably，this paper selects the saline soil and shallow groundwater in coastal plains of North China Plains as major research objects． The dynamic characteristics of groundwater level in different drainage methods of the horizontal wells are discussed． Based on the coupling model of the Hydrus －Modflow，the measured data of soil，meteorology are combined with the pumping test in the horizontal well test area． Under natural conditions，the limit-evaporable depth is about 2．5 meters in experiment areas． Single horizontal wells can reduce the groundwater level of 6．67 hm2 arable land over critical water level． And the control range is growing in step with annual pumping capacity by reducing groundwater level to critical groundwater level． Meanwhile，continuous and intermittent drainage measures can reduce the phreatic water level effectively and run the water flux of aeration zone down integrally． As a result，the soil salinization can be controlled validly．

Based on the observed data of weather station above Yichang gauging station of Changjiang Ｒiver Basin，precipitation and temperature from eight models under two different emissions scenarios ( ＲCP4．5，ＲCP8．5) of Phase Five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5( CMIP5) were statistical downscaled using Equidistance Cumulative Distribution Function Method ( EDCDFm) ． Mean absolute error，relative deviation and coefficient of correlation were used for assessment the accuracy of EDCDFm simulation results during the historical period ( 1961－2005) ． Finally，we analyzed the trend of precipitation and temperature in the upper reaches of Changjiang Ｒiver．It shows that the EDCDFm downscaling simulation results are very high compared with the observed data，the correlation coefficient of monthly precipitation is about 0． 89，the correlation coefficient of average monthly temperature is about 0． 98． Under two emissions scenarios，precipitation and temperature over the upper Changjiang river Basin are increased during the period of 2010 to 2099，the temperature significantly increased．

To quantitatively determine the influence of parameters on the Muskingum model for simulating the flood flow, the Latin-Hypercube sampling algorithm and the OAT method is used to analyze parameter’s sensitivity of the Muskingun model. The traditional method of calculating the C_0 C_1 C_2 by using the rate fixed k and x value is changed, and the global sensitivity analysis of the parameter C_0 C_1 C_2 is carried out. The runoff and peak flow is the evaluation target of sensitivity analysis. The research results show that when the water line rises , C_0 is more sensitive than C_1、C_2.When the water line decreases, C_2 is more sensitive than C_0、C_1.For the peak flow, the sensitivity of C_0 and C_1 is weaker than that of the previous period, and the sensitivity of C_2 is increased. The perturbation amplitude (10%, 20%, 30%) of a set of parameters is changed, and the sensitivity of the parameter C_0 C_1 C_2 increases with the increase of the amplitude of the disturbance. On the basis of sensitivity analysis, the parameters calibration is based on the order of sensitivity, which can improve the efficiency of 69%, and the blindness of the model parameter calibration is less.

Aims to investigate how observation datasets affect performance of data assimilation． The Ensemble Kalman Filter ( EnKF) is coupled with the distributed hydrologic model Soil Water Assessment Tool ( SWAT) to assimilate observations including streamflow，soil moisture，and water table． Ｒesults shows are as follows: when adding downstream streamflow separately，predictions of streamflow and CN2 are accurate，but soil moisture estimates of deep layers are biased． Adding surface soil moisture observation could predict storm runoff，but distort vertical moisture movement and base flow． Complementary groundwater information could reflect vertical movement of soil moisture， and improve estimates of soil moisture． Therefore，multivariate observations lead to more accurate model states，and low－cost and available groundwater observation is moderately useful when assimilating soil water．

Due to the complex terrain property, extreme human activity and the impact of Zhaopintai Reservoir in the upstream, the flood forecasting of Baiguishan Reservoir is difficult, and the traditional flood forecasting model could not provide accurate flood forecast for reservoir flood regulation. To play its potential capability in Huaihe flood mitigation, fulfill the maximum benefit of flood resource utilization, high accuracy flood forecasting is the key support for fulfill the reservoir’s flood mitigation capability. This paper studied the flood forecasting model by employing the new generation flood forecasting model-the Liuxihe Model. Based on the high resolution DEM, the model structure is set up first with the initial model parameter derived, then the model parameters are optimized by using the PSO algorithm. Observed flood events are simulated by the model, the results are better than that of NAM model, a lumped hydrological model, and could be used for flood forecasting of Baiguishan Reservoir.

In China, the water resources problems in key economic regions, such as the overexploitation of groundwater and the occupation of the ecological water and the agricultural water from the urban and industrial development, are induced by the uneven spatial-temporal distribution of water resources. By the optimized allocation of the water resources, the inter-basin water transfer projects have improved the living conditions and ecological environment of the water shortage region, and ensured the sustainable development of economy and society. In this paper, with the practical case of the water diversion for central area of Yunnan, the optimum process of planning scheme on water transfer project are discussed from the aspects of the necessity of water transfer, the range of intake area, the project scale and the project layout.

Water resources carrying capacity is the important basis of water resources evaluation, management and planning. According to the research findings of predecessors, a new definition and model were proposed for calculating sustainable water resources carrying capacity scientifically. The models included water allocation model based on water rights management, optimal seeking model for water resources allocation scenarios, calculation model for sustainable carrying capacity of water resources. The models can reflect the intrinsic links of water resources carrying capacity, optimal allocation and sustainable development from the perspective of water rights management. This paper applied the models to evaluating water resources sustainable carrying capacity in Minqin country of shiyang river basin. The results show that water resources capacity indexes can support population and industry sustainable development increased by 2.02% and 10.94% for optimum scenario in 2020. Correspondingly, the result of suboptimum scenario is increased by 1.16% and 4.30%. The model is reliable and practicable，which can be used to calculating water resources sustainable capacity under the situation of water rights management.

Watersheds and rivers are complex giant systems，hydrological-hydrodynamic coupling can be used to establish the hydraulic links between them，and make up for the shortcomings of the model and improve the accuracy of hydrological forecast． This paper outlines the application of hydrological-hydrodynamic coupling model systematically at home and abroad，summarizes the basic theoretical framework of the coupling model and the general method of model coupling and evaluation，and puts forward the difficulties and development trend of the coupling model from the perspective of discipline development and application，with a view to the river basin system of fine hydrological simulation and forecast．

With the completion and operation of Zoumatang Canal dredging and expansion project，the boundary condition of water diversion project from the Yangtze to Taihu has changed． Based on requirement analysis of joint operation of Wangyu Ｒiver＇s west bank controlling project and Zoumatang Canal dredging and expansion project，in order to meet the needs of the Taihu Basin and the improvement of regional scale demand，this paper designs some joint operation schemes of Wangyu Ｒiver＇s west bank controlling project and Zoumatang Canal dredging and expansion project，analyzes the effect of these schemes by using the water quantity and quality model of Taihu Basin，proposes the recommended optimal joint operation schemes，which can provide a reference for the scheduling optimization of Wangyu Ｒiver project and regional related projects．

Based on the analysis and generalization of the Old Course of the Yellow River and the south areas of Suqian, the mathematic model of optimal allocation of water resources in the old course of the Yellow River and the south of Suqian was established. And an improved quantum genetic algorithm was used to calculate the different guaranteed rates in the region. The results showed that the total water shortage and total amount of water decreased significantly, and the utilization ratio of water resources was improved significantly after optimized allocation of water resources in the study area. The method is easy to operate and has good practical value.

The estuary of Qiantang Ｒiver，a very important water-supply source of Hangzhou City，has a severe hypoxia． In this paper，a coupling flow and water quality model of Qiantang Estuary based on mike 21 is established，which can simulate hydrodynamic and DO responding to BOD，NH3－N and NO3－N． With the help of the model，the water quality variation of Qiantang Estuary responding to sewage quantity of Fuyang City and runoff volume is quantitatively studied，and then suggestions on how to improve hypoxia are put forward．

This paper uses the new district of Shandong Province as an example，the storm water management model ( SWMM) of the new urban drainage system is simulated． To effectively solve the problem of city waterlogging，LID control is strengthened based on the simulation of city water pipeline system on the cross section and transformation is optimized． The results show that in a period of P= 1．5，3，10 a under the condition of circular，rectangular，composite section ( inverted convexity) of the drainage section in the pipeline，the return period is three hours off surface flow capacity．

By the improving analytic hierarch process method to determine the weights of indicators and subsystems in interconnected river system network (IRSN), construct the connection number of components between the evaluation samples and the evaluation criteria, the evaluation model (CN-AM) of IRSN is constructed. CN-AM model not only can measure the overall state of the level, but also can identify the important indicators of the system and subsystems.Application of CN-AM in Nandu River: ①The reliability of the evaluation results is ensured by using the method of evaluation of the confidence criterion of attribute mathematics and the principle of equalization of the number of connections.②In the next 5 years, the connectivity subsystems of the Nandu river system are 2.6976-2.6978, the natural function and social function subsystems are 3.5978-3.7403 and 3.6158-3.6920. The overall condition of the Nandu river system is 3.4625-3.5687,between the middle and the good.The main limiting indicators are river frequency, water connectivity, annual average runoff guarantee rate, water body pollutant capacity, river water quality compliance rate, surface water agricultural water supply percentage, reservoir regulation ability index and surface water urban water supply percentage.

This paper calculates the ecosystem service value of the mainstream of the Tarim Ｒiver in the process of ecological degradation before the ecological water conveyance． Based on the Landsat TM/ETM remote sensing image of the upper reaches of the Tarim Ｒiver，this paper extracts the land use /cover type information of 1990，2000 and 2010，and the methods of calculating ecosystem service value of Xie and Costanza is used in this paper． Ｒesults: the ecosystem service value in the mainstream of Tarim Ｒiver from 1990 to 2000 reduced 11．43 ×108 yuan，decreased by 8．5%，falling at a speed of 1．14×108 yuan a year，mainly due to natural wetland and forest land，wet land and inland water area sharply decreased，leading to the loss of the value of natural capital． After the ecological water conveyance ( 2000-2010) ， the value of ecosystem services increased by 12．57× 108 yuan，increased by 10．21%，rising at a speed of 1．26× 108 yuan a year mainly because the ecological water conveyance project may increase inland water area since 2000． Conclusion: before the ecological water conveyance，ecosystem service value was on the rise，and showed a decreasing trend after the ecological water conveyance．

Based on the digital elevation model ( DEM) of twelve sub-watershed of the Xizi Ｒiver watershed，the geo-morphological multifractal parameter，i．e．，the range of singular index ( Δα) ，is calculated by using watershed geo-morphological multi-fractal model． Meantime，the relationship between the range of singular index( Δα) and traditional quantization parameters which include surface roughness，average gradient，average relief amplitude，gradient of watershed，relative relief and gully density are analyzed． Ｒange of singular index ( Δα) obviously decreases from upstream to downstream in Xizi Ｒriver watershed，which suggests that the complexity of geo-morphological feature weakened gradually． There are positive linear relationship between range of singular index ( Δα) and surface roughness，average gradient and average relief amplitude． A negative linear relationship exists between the range of singular index ( Δα) and gradient of watershed． There is no obvious relationship between the range of singular index ( Δα) and the relative relief and gully density． The determination coefficients increase when gradually entering traditional quantization parameters into the multiple linear regressions between the range of singular index ( Δα) and traditional quantization parameters． Compared with the traditional quantization parameters of geomorphology，these results indicate that the range of singular index can fully quantify the variations of geomorphic feature in the watershed． The results in this paper are of great scientific significance to resolving the complex issues effectively and master the characteristics of various landforms in geomorphology．

It is assumed that flood and tidal waves in a tidal reach are independent of one another，recession stages can be considered as the superposition of bi -directional propagation． Based on the assumption，a bi -directional recession curve coupling model for tidal reach is developed according to the flood wave recession formula and harmonic analysis equation． Taking the Yaojiang Ｒiver＇s large sluice in Yaojiang Ｒiver estuary as an example，this paper simulates a recession period of 15 floods in 2008－ 2016． The results show that the flood wave＇s parameters of every flood are stable and that the law of recession is better． The coefficient of the proportion of the tidal wave is related to the water level，precipitation and highest astronomical tide． The bi-directional recession curve coupling model can better simulate the recession process of Yaojiang Ｒiver drainage basin．

Influenced by natural factors and human factors, the distribution of regional soil and water loss presents spatial heterogeneity. This research chooses Jiyuan city as the research area.According to the area affected by human activities, the occurrence possibility of soil and water loss, the division of soil and water loss-prone areas and soil and water loss-variable areas. Based on the delineation of areas, four sampling schemes are set up to study and analyze the accuracy and feasibility of using the data from the sampling unit to estimate the areas data, and then to calculate the county scale data. The results show that the sampling unit monitoring data calculation method of data at county scale soil erosion is feasible; all kinds of precision, the fitting precision of variable region optimization heterogeneity minimum unit sampling plans were higher than other sampling schemes based on county scale soil erosion monitoring, meet the accuracy requirements.

Ecological water requirements ( EWＲs) are the important guarantee for the health of river ecosystem． With the rapid development of social economy，the health of Hunhe Ｒiver ecosystem is threatened seriously． The key study area of EWＲs is the middle and lower reaches of Hunhe Ｒiver，which is influenced by the exploitation and utilization of water resources． The monthly guaranteed frequency method and fish habitat method are applied to calculate EWＲs with different grades in the middle and lower reaches of Hunhe Ｒiver． The rationality of EWＲs results are verified though Tennant method． Finally，the minimum，medium and ideal grade of EWＲs in the middle and lower reaches of Hunhe Ｒiver are confirmed，and the characteristics of instream EWＲs are analyzed．

In order to explore whether the results of consolidated cohesive sediment incipient motion test in pressured pipe flow can be applied in open channel flow，the microstructure model of cohesive microaggregate was established by referring to the soil mechanics research results． Bottom incipient velocity formula on both situation were derived by force analysis of the microaggregate． The comparison of the two formula shows that they are similar in form，and both related to relative dry density and the depth of water．Through the comparison of the control experiment with coarse grained cohesive sediment，the results show that the incipient shear stress in two experiments is close．The results of the pressured pile flow test can be extended to the general open channel flow．

Due to wetting, water enables a lubrication at inter-particle contact points which leads to rockfill particles’ sliding and rearrangement. What’s more, water can reduce bond strength, thus causing particle breakage to increase. A wetting model that represents water’s weakening effect to the contact friction and bond strength is then introduced to the finite-discrete element method(FDEM) considering particle breakage. A series of numerical tests were performed according to the steps of single-line indoor wetting tests. The numerical tests’ results are close to that of indoor tests which shows that water’s weakening effect to the contact friction coefficient and bond strength is the main mechanism that causes axial strain in the wetting process. Water’s weakening effect to the contact friction coefficient is the main mechanism that causes axial strain in the wetting process and water’s weakening effect to the bond strength plays a secondary role. The distribution of particle breakage can be characterized by a phenomenon of local crisis. Average normal contact force is a slight larger and tangential force is evidently smaller after wetting than that before wetting. Key words: rockfill; finite-discrete element method; wetting deformation; particle breakage; contact force

In view of the two－dimensional flow calculations can not reflect actual seepage flow and seepage characteristics from macroscopic view． The article analyses the seepage of the dam by using the three－dimensional seepage flow finite element analysis procedures designed by Seepage Laboratory of Hohai University，on the base the geological survey and hydrological data from the core embankment dam of Nan Binghe Ｒeservoir． The results can be showed: The effect of both the core wall of the dam and curtain reducing the head is obvious，with good seepage proof property． In the normal pool level conditions，seepage amount of the dam body，dam site and around － the － dam is about 6 210 000 m3 every year，accounting for 2．6 percent of normal capacity of reservoir，0．85 percent of the average gross of surface water flow of many years． The leakage does not affect the reservoir retaining water normally．

The groin is a building widely used to improve and maintain the channel． According to a large amount of research by predecessors，the groin has a protective function to improve water ecological diversity and aquatic habitats of rivers． Flow has strong turbulent characteristics around the groins． Different layouts or arrangements of the groins can influence the development of river habitats． However，what kinds of layouts can improve the aquatic habitats most efficiently? In this study，on the basis of the theory of IFIM，the 2D shallow water equation models including sediment transportation and riverbed involution model combined with habitat available areas are employed to investigate the effectiveness of different groin layouts on the improvement of aquatic habitats for a typical fish in a small and medium-sized river． The results indicate that the head-to-head groin layouts can make the flow field more symmetrical，and can also get a better habitat available area WUA．These results can provide a reference for river water ecological restoration and management．

Blocks of traditional revetment have simple structure and single function, and traditional revetment has a negative effect on the environment for years. In order to improve this situation, based on the experimental study on the selectivity of fish towards the pore, I redesigned the block of ecological revetment. And I have been designed the porous ecological revetment block. The new block of revetment has many big pores, and fishes swim around it and live in it; pore of plant growth provides a space for growing aquatic plant; in order to guarantee stability of the blocks, the article designs the embedded structure, it diversifies the connection of blocks to accommodate a variety of terrains. Through the stability analysis of porous ecological revetment block, three design sizes of block that meet the stability requirements was defined.

Bolt grouting technology can be used to improve the impermeability and bearing capacity of solid，which is widely used in the tunnel and mine roadway reinforcement． In this paper，a theoretical analysis is made of the bolting and grouting technology for mountain sluice reinforcement project feasibility． A large mountain sluices reinforcement project in Hunan is used as an example． By using COMSOL software，the traditional grouting and bolting reinforcement in sluice seepage field and displacement field are analyzed． The results show that the improved grouting can improve impermeability，maximum seepage pressure has decreased by 35%，the minimum osmotic pressure has decreased by 60%． Grouting can improve the bearing capacity of foundation，the maximum vertical the displacement has decreased by 55%，the minimum vertical displacement has decreased by 45%． It is feasible to reinforce the mountain gate by bolting and grouting，and it can save costs and improve work efficiency．

In order to explore water flow in cataclastic rock and the criterion for non-Darcy flow，three intact granite samples were broken by the means of triaxial compression test，and then water flow tests were conducted in a triaxial cell under different confining stresses． The experiment results show that Forchheimer Equation adequately describes the relation between pressure gradient ( P) and flow rate ( Q) ，because all the correlation coefficients come close to 1． In other words，significant nonlinearity can be obtained in the water flow in cataclastic granite． Moreover，for a granite sample，Forchheimer Equation coefficients A and B gradually increase with an increase in confining stress，which means rock’s permeability becomes lower and non -Darcy effect in seepage becomes stronger． More specifically，the non -Darcy coefficient ( β) approximately increases as a power function of decreasing intrinsic permeability ( k) of cataclastic granite． Based on the power function，an intuitive criterion is proposed for distinguishing between Darcy flow and non-Darcy flow，which relies on the pressure gradient ratio ( ΦP ) or flow rate ratio ( ΦQ ) ． How to choose a proper parameter from ΦP and ΦQ and then how to determine corresponding critical values depend upon the goal-oriented requirements for different projects．

Slope instability triggered by earthquake causing sliding is the main factor of the inducement of a barrier lake. Taking HongShiYan landslide for example, triggered by LuDian earthquake on August 3 in YunNan province, the three-dimensional (3D) instability process of the landslide was simulated by using finite-discrete element method (FDEM). The necessary rock parameters was calibrated by using numerical experiments of biaxial compression corresponding to the physico-mechanical parameters. The 3D finite model was established concluding landslide and valley, smaller grid density being applied to the landslide part. And zero-thickness interface elements were inserted into elastic finite elements. The invalid interface elements are increasing with the collapse and sliding of landslide, causing the transition of landslide from continuum to non-continuum and finally forming loose deposit. The 3D numerical simulation results show that the mechanical principle of barrier dam can be described as follows: the interior damage and deformation accumulation of rock mass induced by earthquake; the through of structural plane; the landslide slide with high speed, along with the process of break, disintegration and impacting the opposite bank, finally blocking the river with density, forming the landslide dam. The final formed accumulation state of landslide is close to the field situation.

Little research has been done on the crack resistance of abrasion resistant concrete． Studies suggest that for high head and highspeed sediment-laden flow，the crack resistance of abrasion resistant concrete should be the principal indicators of durability． This paper designs a series of abrasion resistant concrete with different mixing ratios． using brittleness index and shrinkage rate are used to study the effect of fly ash and silicon powder on abrasion resistant concrete． The results show that doped 20% FA，20% FA + ( 5%，8%，10%) SF of cement binder slurry，brittleness index and shrinkage rate are small，hydration products account for most of C-S-H phases，paste compact，fully illustrate auxiliary cementing material optimization slurry structure，improve the transition region，so as to improve the crack resistance of abrasion resistant concrete．

A novel hybrid excitation synchronous generator with wide range magnetic regulation ability is proposed to solve the problem of small range of air－gap field adjustment in current hybrid excitation synchronous generators，and it has 4 permanent magnetic poles and 4 ferromagnetic poles． The principle of air－gap magnetic field adjustment of the hybrid excitation synchronous generator is analyzed based on the equivalent magnetic circuit method． The no－load characteristics，regulation characteristics and line voltage waveform of the generator are simulated by using Maxwell software，which compared with the experimental results． The line voltage is increased by 104．2% as the excitation current is increased from 0 to 8 A，which indicates that the hybrid excitation generator has a wide range of magnetic adjustment． The correctness of the scheme and the feasibility of the computing method have verified by the results．

Based on the particularity of the safe and economic operation of hydropower plants，a unit commitment optimization model with the lowest water consumption is established and an improved binary harmony search algorithm is proposed． The heuristic repair strategy is used to handle the spinning reserve constraints and the minimum up and down time constraints，and the economic load dispatch problem is solved by querying the economic operation table． The actual load process of Zhelin Hydropower Plant is used as an example． The results show that the algorithm is simple and fast，and the optimization effect is good，and the optimal dispatch of the load between the units in different periods is improved，compared with the IBPSO and traditional DP method． Furthermore，the utilization rate of water is improved，and engineering practicability is strong．

According to the random and complex nonlinear characteristics of the power generation of runoff hydropower station, the paper presents a new model of runoff-hydro station based on phase-space reconstruction wavelet neural network model. In order to enhance the global search ability of the model, parameters of the wavelet neural network are optimized by using the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to overcome the randomness of the model parameters selection. Results show that the relative error of the improved particle swarm optimization wavelet neural network model is about 8.7%, the correlation coefficient is 0.81, and the other error analysis indexes are better than the traditional BP neural network forecasting model. The model proposes in this paper have a more obvious accuracy, convergence and stability enhancements in multi-step predictions, which can accurately forecast the generating capacity.

It is important and difficult to study risk analysis of short-term optimal operation, owing to the runoff prediction error, water delay and a large number of numerical simulations. In this paper, short-term optimal operation risk analysis model considering the runoff prediction error and water delay is found in the view of risk management, and parallel computing is used in order to improve the solution efficiency. As an example, the model is applied to Yalong river, The validity of the model and the efficiency of parallel solution are verified. It is shown that the model is not only simple and effective, but also has important significance whether to make power generation planning or reservoir operation management.

With the development of smart grid，plenty of the pumped storage units are constructing． The back-to-back start-up is used as the standby way in pumping mode． In this paper，the principle of the back-to-back start-up is briefly analyzed． The monitor process of back-toback startup is introduced for a domestic 400 MW pumped storage unit． The guide vane opening principle and the field currents in both machines are chosen and proposed on the basis of experimental results． The reasons and solutions of two failure start-up cases are also presented．

The short－term reservoir operation，which is concerned with the execution of the long－term operation plan in hydropower station，is one important process during the station operation． In order to ensure the the stable operation of power grid when execute the generation plan made by the short－term reservoir operation，this paper adds the grid’s constraints to the traditional operation model and set up a new short－term reservoir operation model taken the maximization generation of hydropower as the objective function． This paper solves the model using the POA to seek the best operation way on the basis of the safety and stabilization of the power grid． This paper takes the“Jinguan”of Yalong Ｒiver as an example to set up a short －term reservoir operation model concerned the power grid’s constraints and compares the operation result of traditional model．

Optimal operation is usually one of the most effective non -engineering measures，which is used to save energy and reduce consumption in the system of multistage pumping stations． The results of optimal operation are heavily influenced by all kinds of losses in the system． Compared with conventional researches merely considering the losses in pumping units，a daily optimization model for multistage pumping stations has been established，which takes account of hydraulic loss in channels，aims at minimizing the daily operation cost and is optimized by using the dynamic programming algorithm． The model is used to optimize the operation of the front six pumping stations in the South to North Water Diversion into Miyun Ｒeservoir Storage Project． Ｒesults show that the hydraulic loss in channels would significantly change the optimal allocation of head and the operation cost can be effectively reduced by using this model．

The transient cavitation flows in a centrifugal pump are numerically simulated by using the modified mass transport cavitation model and RNG k-ε turbulence model. The calculated variation of pump head is in good agreement with the experimental data. The results demonstrate that the numerical model and method can accurately predict the cavitation flows in a centrifugal pump. The characteristics of pressure fluctuation and transient cavity pattern are analyzed. It shown that the dominant frequencies of pressure fluctuations in impeller are the impeller rotating frequency (fi) and its harmonic frequency; the maximum amplitude of pressure fluctuation reaches the largest value at the 4/5 length of the blade suction side from the blade inlet side; from the impeller inlet to outlet, the maximum amplitude of pressure fluctuation in flow passage and blade pressure side gradually increase; the cavity in impeller is developing, breaking and collapsing with the time; the pressure fluctuation amplitude is increasing for large scale regeneration and collapsing of the cavity, and is decreasing for the attached cavity.

Determination of the operating point of pumps in parallel plays a vital important role in design of pumping station, which is related to the rationality of the pump selection and the economic operation of the pump station. By using the method of folding characteristic curve yellow irrigation pumping station of parallel operation under different types of pumps at the same level condition analysis, verify pump selection and motor power selection.

In this study, in order to improve the mixing uniformity of the disinfectant in water after the secondary chlorination of the pipe network, a new type of mixing pipe fitting with high efficiency and low loss was developed. Through the establishment of physical model, the CFD numerical simulation optimization was carried out using the mixture multiphase flow model and the Realizable k-ε turbulence model. The mixing mechanism of this device was analyzed, and the mixing effect and the pressure loss under the different parameters of the guide vanes were estimated. The results show that, the streamline of the multiphase flow could be changed after flowing through the pipe fitting, and the fluid changes from one-dimensional motion to three-dimensional motion. The mixing effect was promoted by the vortex formed in the cross-section of the pipeline. By analyzing the COV of each cross-section of the pipe, the optimum number of guide vanes for the mixing effect was 3, and its pressure loss was about 157Pa.The mixing effect was enhanced rapidly with the increasing of wrap angle in the range from 20°~30°. When the angle was more than 30°, the mixing effect tended to be stable. When the guide vane height was 0.2 ~ 0.35 times the diameter, the higher the height of guide vanes, the better the mixing effect, moreover, the pressure loss also increased.

To solve the rural drinking water problem is a major livelihood project，the safety of drinking water is related to people＇s wellbeing． Based on the data from 2005 to 2015，this paper analyzes the regional characteristics of rural centralized water supply in Shandong Province from the aspects of water supply mode，water source and water quality． The results show that the rural centralized water supply projects in hilly land of mid-South Shandong Province and low hilly region of Jiaodong Peninsula are mainly based on the single-village water supply mode and the projects in Northwest and Southwest of Shandong Province of the Yellow Ｒiver flood-plains are mainly based on the union-village water supply mode． Most of the rural centralized water supply projects have access to groundwater，but the actual amount of water taken from groundwater and surface water is almost the same． To the most of the water supply projects the quality of water source is good，while a small number of water supply projects have water quality problems like high fluoride，bitter，iron and so on，which are mainly caused by the geological environment and which show a certain regional distribution． Based on this，the paper identifies problems and makes some suggestions so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rural drinking water safety improvement of the 13th five-year plan．