Under the condition of micro-irrigation，in order to explore the effects of different alternate irrigation periods on the growth and development of large leaf chrysanthemum in greenhouse，an experiment was conducted with 3 treatments，including the 6-day alternating irrigation period with 1m pressure head ( A treatment) ，the 12-day alternate irrigation period with 1m pressure head ( B treatment) and the normal irrigation ( C treatment) ． And each treatment was repeated for three times to analyze the growth of large leaf chrysanthemum and irrigation water productivity． The results show that the irrigation amount of micro-irrigation can be reduced by 35．6%，the irrigation water productivity reaches 2． 62，which is 3． 96 times of that of ordinary irrigation，and the growth of large leaf chrysanthemum has obvious advantages; the alternate cycle of 12 days is more conducive to the growth of large leaf chrysanthemum．

In order to study the effect of soil suction test method on soil water characteristic curve，sand is used as the test material，and the tensiometer，filter paper and the pressure plate are used to measure sand soil water characteristic curve and the measured data is fitted by VG model． It is concluded that under the same rate of water，the suction measured by the pressure plate ( drying) is greater than tensiometer continuous measurement and tensiometer discrete measurement，the tensiometer discrete measurement value is almost equal to the suction measured by the filter paper method． From the perspective of the physical chemical analysis，the phenomenon that the contact angle hysteresis can lead to difference contact angle for different test methods is analyzed，as well as the effect of contact angle change on sand suction． From theoretical analysis and experimental results，it is concluded that the different measurement results is caused by the contact angle hysteresis in the soil． Contact angle hysteresis has large effects on the pressure plate and tensiometer，but very little effect on filter paper method． With the increase of contact angle，the measurement results of pressure plate and tensiometer will be smaller． The measurement results of the filter paper method is very close to that of the tensiometer in the natural condition

In order to discuss the applicability of biological carbon for maize planting in Hetao Irrigation District． Five treatments，including non biological carbon( CK) ，biological carbon application amount of 15 t /hm2 ( ST1) ，30 t /hm2 ( ST2) ，45 t /hm2 ( ST3) and 60 t /hm2 ( ST4) ， are used to study the effects of biological carbon amount on soil moisture，soil temperature，soil nutrient content and yield of maize． The results show that: with the increase of the biological carbon amount，the soil moisture content of the maize plough layer increases first and then decreases，but all of the other treatments are significantly higher than that of CK; when the carbon application amount reaches 45 t / hm2 ，the effect is the most significant，and the average moisture content of 0～ 20 cm depth layer in each growth period is higher than that of CK by 15．01%，19．60%，13．12%，11．06% and 3．38%，respectively; the application of biological carbon significantly increases soil nutrient content of the maize plough layer，the soil organic carbon content in the whole growth period is higher than that of CK; in the whole growth period of maize，the average content of soil organic carbon of each biological carbon treatment is higher than that of CK by 37．48% ～ 56．09%， the difference is significant，and the increase of ST4 is the greatest; the average amount of available phosphorus is higher than that of CK by 51．26% ～ 69．75%，the difference is significant，and the increase of ST3 is the greatest; the average amount of available potassium is higher than that of CK by 25．97% ～ 49．37%，the difference is significant; the average content of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen is higher than that of CK by 29．91% ～ 51．88%，the difference is significant，and the increase of ST3 is the largest; the application of biological carbon significantly increases the soil temperature of the plough layer，and it increases with the increase of carbon application，but when the carbon amount reaches 45 t /hm2 ，the temperature increasing effect is weakened; the yield of maize is significantly increased by biological carbon application，the yield of ST1，ST2，ST3 and ST4 is increased by 11．05%，18．56%，22．46% and 18．72%，respectively，compared with CK， and the difference is significant． In summary，the application of biological carbon significantly improves the moisture-fertilizer-heat condition of the plough layer and the yield increasing effect is significant． So it is suitable for application in the drip irrigation maize planting process in Hetao Irrigation District．

Through the study of water ecological environment and hydrological characteristics of Jinan area，the main structural parameters affecting the test indicators，including planting vegetation，planting soil mixture selection，artificial stuffing filler selection，artificial filler particle size，are selected． And 3 levels are set for each factor． Using the orthogonal experiment design theory，9 groups of experiments are simulated through artificial rainfall． The TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation method，the extreme difference and the variance method are used to analyze and evaluate the experimental indexes，including the storage rate，initial flow time and flood peak delay time，and the values of them are 34．65% to 82． 83%，38． 5 to 197． 0 min，58． 5 to 219． 0 min，and the average values are 56． 08%，103． 94 min，146． 5 min， respectively． The selection of vegetation and particle size of artificial packing layer have the most significant influences on retention effect of rainwater garden，while planting soil ingredient selection，packing selection have the weakest influences． For water retention，the best comprehensive allocation scheme for rainwater garden is loosestrife，50% field soil with 30% leaf mold and 20% river sand，30 cm thickness quartz sand and 20 cm thickness coal ash dreg，and the small particle size in lower layer．

Through a field experiment，the water potential and water resistance of soil，root system and leaf of corn in the flowering period are studied． The results show that: the resistance of leaf-air interface accounts for 98% of total resistance; under drip irrigation with film mulch and film hole irrigation，the importance of each resistance during moisture transmission in the soil-maize-atmospheric system is arranged from large to small as follows: water vapor diffusion resistance，internal conduction resistance of the over-ground part of plants，root-soil contact resistance，root absorption resistance，resistance to water conduction in root xylem，soil resistance． Through the scan of stomatal morphology of corn leaves under different irrigation quota with electron microscopy and on the basis of analyzing the stomatal length，width and density of corn leaves，the relationship between the stomatal morphological index and irrigation quota，stomatal conductance and water vapor diffusion resistance is analyzed． The results show that: the length，width and density of leaf stomata increase with the increase of irrigation volume; the stomatal conductance has a relatively good correlation with stomatal width，but shows a rather poor correlation with stomatal length． 

In Xinjiang，the cost of artificial cotton picking has been increased significantly． In order to achieve the objective of improving cotton picking efficiency and economic benefits，cotton drip irrigation under plastic film needs to adopt mechanized planting mode，and the change of planting mode causes the change of soil water distribution law． In this paper，drying method and numerical simulation method are used to analyze the distribution law of soil moisture before and after irrigation of the 3 planting modes，including one-film two-tube six-row， one-film three-tube six-row and one-film three-tube five-row． The Hydrus-2D model is also established in this paper for numerical simulation to verify the model＇s reliability． The results show that: after 7 days of irrigation，① the average water content of soil in the mode of one-film two-tube six-row arranges from large to small as follows: drip department，narrow middle line，narrow film line，membrane compartment; ② the average water content of soil in the mode of one-film three-tube six-row arranges from large to small as follows: narrow row，narrow spacing drip irrigation zone，wide spacing drip irrigation zone，drip head，membrane compartment; ③ the average water content of soil in the mode of one-film three-tube five-row arranges from large to small as follows: narrow spacing drip irrigation zone，drip head，wide spacing drip irrigation zone，narrow row，membrane compartment． In summary，the soil water condition of the mode of one-film three-tube six-row is better than that of the mode one-film two-tube six-row and one-film three-tube five-row． The Hydrus-2D model soil water simulation value is overall well accorded with the measured value，can well simulate the soil water distribution characteristics of different planting modes． The conclusion can provide a technical reference for mechanized planting of cotton with drip irrigation under film．

In order to investigate the effect of water and fertilizer integration technology on the root development，chemical composition and output value of different flue-cured tobacco varieties in Yuzhong tobacco-planting area，three varieties in the area，including Zhongyan 100， Yuyan 6 and Yuyan 10，are selected to study the effects of conventional fertilization，water and fertilizer integration on yield，chemical composition，root development and economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco under the same condition of fertilizer amount． The results show that under the same fertilization rate，the integration of water and fertilizer can effectively and significantly increase the yield of tobacco leaves and improve the quality of tobacco leaves，but the performance of different varieties are different． Yuan 6 has the most significant promotion effect，with the integrated irrigation and water fertigation model，the plant height，stem circumference and maximum leaf area are increased by 19%，4% and 7%，respectively; the nicotine content is increased by 15%，the nitrogen content is increased by 32%，the chlorine content is decreased by 40%，the potassium content is increased by 43%; the output，output value，superior tobacco is increased by 7%， 19%，25%，respectively; the root volume，total absorption area，active absorption area is increased by 19%，20% and 26%，respectively; the root activity and ATPase activity is increased by 65% and 33%，respectively，compared with the conventional fertilization treatment． All the above indexes reach significant differences． Overall，the quality of flue-cured tobacco in Yuzhong tobacco area has been significantly improved by the integration of water and fertilizer． However，for different types of flue-cured tobacco，the effect of improving flue-cured tobacco is different，and the Yuyan 6 performs best and is suitable for large-scale promotion．

In order to solve the problem of water measurement of U-shaped channel with a slope of 1 /100 ～ 1 /200，an elliptical straightshaped water measurement flume was developed． Six different contraction ratios were selected to conduct field experiments in three different U-shaped channels，the relationship between water depth and discharge was deduced by dimensional analysis，the calculation method of backwater height in field experiment was proposed，the influence of the backwater length on the construction position of the flume was discussed，and the flow measurement accuracy and the Froude number were analyzed． The results show that the relative water depth and relative flow have a good power function relationship，R2 = 0．995; the flow formula under the free-flow condition has certain precision，the average relative error was 2．38% and the maximum relative error was 5．04%; the contraction ratio should be controlled below 0．55; the distance between the measuring flume and the channel entrance should be greater than 15 times the width of the channel． The study provided a reference for further application of elliptical straight-shaped flume in U-shaped channel of steep slope

Taked Dahuofang reservoir as the study area, used HJ-1A/1B data and synchronous field monitoring data of Chlorophyll-A, eatablished the linear regression model and least squares support vector machine(LS-SVM)model, achieved quantitative remote sening inversion in Dahuofang reservoir. Results from error show that, compered with the linear regression model, the LS-SVM model is more suitable for Chlorophyll-A inversion study. After applying the LS-SVM model, the correlation coefficient between the predicted value and the measured value of R2 is increased from 0.4118 to 0.8167, the average relative error is decreased from 65.4% to 24.49%, it’s clearly that the accuracy has been improved.

Based on the shallow groundwater test data obtained from the urban geological survey project in Chaohu rim region of Hefei，the groundwater quality is evaluated by combining single index and comprehensive quality． The results show that the quality of shallow groundwater in general is medium level; the class Ⅰ water quality is missing; the proportion of class II and III water quality that can be directly drunk is 43．85%，and the proportion of class IV and V water quality that can not be directly drunk is 56．15%． By analyzing the primary index of shallow groundwater quality in human area caused by geological force，combined with secondary index of pollution produced by human activities，it is pointed out that the general chemical index has the greatest influence on the groundwater，the biggest single index of contribution rate of over class III water quality is nitrite，followed by nitrate，iron，total hardness，pH etc． The comprehensive quality of groundwater is obviously improved by eliminating the primary abnormal index

Reference crop evapotranspiration ( ET0 ) is of great significance for crop irrigation，water resources assessment and climate change． Based on daily meteorological data of 19 weather stations in Zoige Wetland and its surrounding area from 1960 to 2015，ET0 was calculated by the radiation － calibrated Penman － Monteith model． The temporal － spatial change characteristics of ET0 were analyzed by cumulative departure，Mann－Kendall test，Pettitt test，Theil－Sen slope estimator and empirical orthogonal function ( EOF) ，while the cause analysis of ET0 were made by path analysis． The results showed that: ① The average of annual ET0 was 625． 3 mm with a significant increasing trend of 4．89 mm/10 a ( p＜0．01) ． The ET0 of four seasons decreased with the sequence of summer＞spring＞autumn＞winter． The annual，autumn and winter ET0 showed a significant abrupt point in 1968 ( p＜0．01) ，1997 ( p＜0．01) and 2003 ( p＜0．1) respectively，while there was no mutation in spring and summer ET0 ． ② The average annual ET0 was high in the southern and eastern edge and low along the northwest－southeast line with the changing rate decreasing from northeast to southwest，while ET0 of the northern area to Banma and the region between Maerkang and Heishui showed a slowly decreasing trend． ③ The first eigenvector of ET0 is positive，indicating the change of ET0 in Zoige wetland maintains high regional consistency，and the differences between the south－north reverse and the east and west－middle reverse are the second and the third spatial structures respectively． ④ The main factor that influences ET0 in Zoige Wetland is relative humidity，which can combine other factors to produce effects on ET0 ． The increase of ET0 in recent years was mainly due to the significant decrease in relative humidity，followed by significant increase in net radiation，mean air temperature and wind speed．

In this study，the regional differences among the utilization efficiency of agricultural water resources in Guangxi and the influential factors are studied to provide a practical guiding significance for promoting water saving and efficiency improvement in Guangxi＇s agricultural production． On the basis of the panel data of 14 cities in Guangxi from 2007 to 2016，the Global super-efficiency DEA model and total factor water use efficiency measurement method are adopted to measure the utilization efficiency of agricultural water resources in Guangxi，and the panel Tobit model is used to explore the influential factors of agricultural water use efficiency． According to the research results，the utilization efficiency of agricultural water resources in Guangxi from 2007 to 2016 showed a rising trend in fluctuation，and the efficiency values were generally low; the water use efficiency of cities in Beibu Gulf Economic Zone，such as Fangchenggang，Qinzhou，Beihai and Nanning，was relatively high，while the water use efficiency of the three cities of Hechi Baise and Guigang is relatively low; the average annual precipitation，the average annual temperature，the ratio of surface water to water resource structure，the planting area of waterconsuming crops as well as rural residents＇ net income are positively correlated with the utilization efficiency of agricultural water resources in Guangxi，while the average water resource per capita and effective irrigated area are negatively correlated with the utilization efficiency of agricultural water resources in Guangxi． Based on the analysis of the practical background of agricultural development in Guangxi，it is found that farmers ＇ insufficient water-saving awareness，seasonal and engineering water shortages，the low level of agricultural economic development，and extensive irrigation are the causes of the low agricultural water use efficiency．

Global climate change and social-economic development in southwest karst regions have highlighted the issue of regional water vulnerability． Taking the typical counties in central areas of Guizhou，where human activities are intense and the development of karst landform is typical，as an example，the evaluation index system based on DPSIR model is constructed to reflect the water resource vulnerability of central areas of Guizhou，and the vulnerability of water resources in the year of 2007 and 2015 are diagnosed by using the entropy weight -TOPSIS method in the study area． The results shows that: the water resources vulnerability of Zhenning County and Guanling County decreased，that of Liuzhi Prefecture remained stable，while that of Puding County and Pingba County increased by 16． 44% and 7．03%，respectively; the water resources vulnerability in Puding County and Pingba County was 0．487 8 and 0．496 1 in 2015，which were moderate to moderately severe． The analysis shows that the increase of the demand of water resources due to the rapid development of economy and society in central areas of Guizhou，the lack of water resources engineering and low water resources utilization rate，especially the groundwater resources are the main reasons for the rise of regional water resources vulnerability． In addition，the destruction of ecological environment，such as regional rocky desertification，is also an important factor for the increase of water resources vulnerability． 

The prediction of tomato target yield is of great significance to reasonably make plans of irrigation and fertilization and to reduce the waste of water and fertilizer． In order to improve the accuracy of yield prediction，a new tomato target yield prediction model based on long short-term memory ( LSTM) and recurrent neural networks ( RNN) is proposed in this paper，including model design，net training and prediction process realization． The prediction result of the proposed model is compared with that of three time series prediction models， including ARIMA，WNN and SVR． It is verified that the proposed LSTM recurrent neural network has high accuracy in the prediction of tomato target yield．

Lack of entity and low efficiency in the management of farmland and water conservancy infrastructure are the key factors restricting the sustainable development of agriculture in our country． The selection of suitable management and protection modes according to the actual situation of different regions has important significance for the definition of management and protection entity of water conservancy infrastructure and the improvement of the management and protection efficiency． Firstly，four commonly used irrigation and water conservancy management and protection modes are summed up by using the methods of literature investigation and case analysis; secondly，the corresponding evaluation indexes are selected according to the evaluation principles; Then the evaluation index system of irrigation and water conservancy management and protection mode is constructed，and the weight of each evaluation index is determined by comprehensive integrated weighting method． Finally，taking an irrigation district in M city as an example，the applicability of farmland water conservancy management and protection model is evaluated and studied in order to determine the appropriate management and protection mode of irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure in M city．

In order to choose appropriate methods for the reference crop water requirements，8 models were used to calculate the reference crop water requirements based on the meteorological data of 9 stations in different climatic regions，and the calculation result of PenmanMonteith formula was used as the standard． The result shows that compared with the result of PM formula，the Hargreaves formula，the McClound formula and the Brockamp-Wenner formula are appropriate calculation methods in TCZ and TMZ; the Hargreaves formula and the Romanenko formula are appropriate calculation methods in PMZ; the Hargreaves formula is an appropriate calculation method in SMZ and TRMZ． The suitable model parameters in different climate zones are obtained based on the weather data of 60 years of 9 stations in different climate zones in China． Another source of data ( 2014) is used for models accuracy verification． The results shows that，compared with the PM formula，the accuracy of Hargreaves formula is better ( the value of RMSE，PE and R2 is 0．42～ 0．95 mm/d，0．81% ～ 10．69%，and 0．66 ～ 0．94，respectively) in different climate zones; the accuracy of McClound formula is better ( the value of RMSE，PE and R2 is 0．80～ 1．23 mm/d，1．36% ～ 14．52% and 0．60～ 0．87，respectively) in TCZ and in TMZ; the accuracy of Brockamp and Wenner formula is better ( the value of RMSE，PE and R2 is 0．95～ 1．29 mm/d，1．17% ～ 7．87% and 0．59～ 0．81，respectively) in TMZ．

Reference Corp evapotranspiration ( ET0 ) provides an important evidence for determining crop water requirement，guiding farmland irrigation and water resources planning． In this work，based on the 34-year ( 1981 － 2014) long term meteorological database ( including max-air temperature，min-air temperature，relative humidity，average wind speed and sunshine duration) obtained form ChiFeng meteorological stations，and according to three indexes，including mean deviation，mean relatives deviation and correlation coefficient，the FAO56-PM equation is used to evaluate the fitness degree among the estimated ET0 values of 1 d，10 d and 1 month by three ET0 estimation methods，i． e． Hargreaves，McCloud and Irmark-Allen． The results show that the estimated values by Hargreaves method and Irmark-Allen method are better than that by the McCloud method． This indicates that the two methods are feasible for the practical ET0 calculation method of this region． Through regression analysis，Hargreaves equation and Irmark-Allen method are revised，and the results show that calculation results of Harg are closer to that of FAO56-PM，which means that the Harg equation is more suitable for ET0 calculation and prediction in the hilly and warm area in the north of Yanshan mountain

As a social psychological factor，social norm has a significant impact on the behavior of the farmers to adopt new technology． Based on the data of farmers of Yangling，Shanxi province，this paper introduces social norms related factors，puts forward relevant assumptions and makes use of Logistic model to verify that social norms and other external factors have impacts on farmers＇ adoption behavior of water-saving irrigation technology． The research shows that the social norms，including the descriptive norms，imperative norms and personal norms，have positive effects on advanced water-saving adoption behavior of farmers，and the influence of each dimension is different． In addition，other factors，including age，risk preference，family income，the degree of multiple occupations，water price and water scarcity，have significant effects on farmers＇ technology adoption behavior

Based on the observation data of the small watershed in the hilly and gully regions of the Loess Plateau，the model of soil water movement was established by using HYDRUS software． The distribution of soil water under different rainfall conditions and in different soil depths was analyzed． The simulation results are compared with the measured data． At the same time，the model is used to simulate the soil moisture transport under heavy rain conditions． The results show that the model established can well reflect the movement of soil moisture． The simulation results show that: after the rainstorm，the soil moisture content in the depth of 20 cm and 40 cm decreases relatively fast，and the soil water content in the depth of 40 cm decreases the slowest and maintains a high level．

The agricultural meteorological observation data of 6 weather stations in Hulun Buir and 7 typical stations in Heilongjiang Province in 1961－2014 was estimated by using Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO． The spatial distribution of ET0 was obtained by GIS and Kriging method，the MATLAB software was used for Mann-Kendall test，and the SPSS software was used for correlation analysis of ET0 and its climate factors． The results shows that: ① in Hulun Buir，the spatial change of the ET0 during the whole growth period and the monthly ET0 shows a increase trend from north to south; the ET0 decreases from month to month，and the ET0 is up to 158mm in May in south area of Hulun Buir． ② Except for Zhalantun and Morin Dawa area，the inter-annual variability of ET0 has the same linear trend and polynomial trend; the monthly ET0 increases during the whole growth period except for May and June．③ The inter-annual variability of monthly ET0 and the ET0 during and the whole growth period show a increase trend; and the ET0 values of two sites rise significantly on June and September ( U ＞ Ua ) ． ④ The ET0 change is negatively correlated with relative humidity，while positively correlated with other meteorological factors，in which air temperature and water pressure are the two meteorological factors affecting ET0 the most．

Urban water-logging and water shortage reflect the problems of flood management and rainwater resource utilization． Based on sensor technology and microcontroller principle，an automatic system for rainwater harvesting and irrigation is designed to realize the source reduction of rainwater and improve the utilization efficiency of rainwater resources． This system includes rainwater harvesting system， irrigating system and intelligent control system． And the model tests are carried out to study the implementation process and operation modes of the systems． The results show that the design and microcontroller program of the presented system are reasonable，and this system may automatically complete the process of rainwater harvesting and irrigation． This study can give a good reference of theory and technology for improving the utilization efficiency of rainwater resources and alleviating urban water-logging

In order to study irrigation water heating up characteristics in different heating facilities during winter，the change characteristics of irrigation water temperature are analyzed in underground shallow reservoir and deep reservoir on the ground，based on tracking test data of greenhouse group in Xinyi Town，Lishi District，Shanxi Province during wintering period． The results show that: ① The surface water temperature fluctuates sharply with the air temperature，while the temperature of irrigation water of underground below 0． 3 m does not fluctuate steadily with the air temperature，but the heating rate is related to the air temperature change; ②The heating effect of underground shallow heating reservoir is far ahead of other types of heating reservoir． The irrigation water temperature in underground shallow heating reservoir can reach the irrigation requirements after 27 hours of warming up，while the deep reservoir on the ground can not reach the irrigation claim; ③ Underground shallow heating reservoir is superior to other types of heating facilities at the area，heating effect， management risk，economic costs and other aspects of structure． The underground shallow heating reservoir is recommended as the irrigation water heating facilities during the winter period． The results can provide practical technical support for the management of irrigation water temperature in the greenhouse during the wintering period of the seasonal frozen soil． It has certain scientific value for the enrichment of irrigation theory and technology．

In order to study the flow measurement reliability and hydraulic characteristics of triangular profile weir for U-shape-channel to better carried out scientific management and rational allocation of water in irrigation area，based on the principle of weir flow and the Fluent 6．3 software，VOF method and RNG k－ε turbulence model is used to conduct the three-dimensional numerical simulation of U-shape-channel triangular profile weir，and the simulation results is analyzed． Through analyzing the water surface and velocity distribution，Froude number and the head loss under different flow conditions，it is found that the water surface line in the weir declines sharply，while the velocity is increased; the flow pattern changes from the tranquil flow to the rapid flow and again to tranquil flow; the critical flow appears in the top of weir and the maximum water head loss is less than 13% of the total head． The theoretical analysis shows that the hydraulic characteristics are accorded with the principle of classical hydraulics． A flow formula is established and the calculation flow，simulation flow and channel flow are compared，and the results show that the maximum error is 13．86% and the minimum error is 0．03%，which can meet with the accuracy of the weir flow measurement in irrigation districts．

Aiming at the problems of excessive cost of Total Channel Control( TCC) ，the un-unified statute standards and other issues，an integrated device，with functions of collecting hydrographic information and controlling irrigation gate according to water level parameters for TCC，is designed． This device comprises solar power module，telecommunication module，control module of PLC and so on，uses methods of fuzzy control and script to improve the control accuracy，and adequately uses Monitor and Control Generated System ( MCGS) to complete data interchange and function management． The test results show that this device is reliable，can timely collect hydrographic information and irrigation gate parameters，as well as control performer of gate by the remote terminal． The accuracies of measurement and self-adjust compensation controlling are qualified for protocol standard of our country． The designed system has great promotional value．