In order to explore the effects of different irrigation and nitrogen application levels on the growth and development, yield, quality and efficiency of corn in the Weihe Plain, through corn pot experiments, the irrigation amount was set at 2 moisture gradients (50% and 80% of the field water capacity, represented by W0 and W1 respectively), 5 nitrogen application levels (0 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg, 0.3 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg, 0.7 g/kg, represented by N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 respectively ), a total of 10 treatments. The results show that water-nitrogen coupling significantly affects various corn indicators. The subjective AHP analytic hierarchy process and the objective entropy weight method are combined, and the game theory combination weighting method was used to determine the final weight of 15 indicators, among which the weight of individual plant yield is the largest, reaching 0.133 0, followed by crude protein content and nitrogen partial fertilizer productivity, with respective weights of 0.113 6 and 0.105 3. The TOPSIS method was used to evaluate each treatment comprehensively, and the final results showed that the W1N2 treatment was the best water and nitrogen application plan. Therefore, a soil moisture content of 80% of the field water capacity and a nitrogen application rate of 0.3 g/kg are recommended.

To determine the suitable irrigation amount for silage maize growth in saline-alkali land in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia and to assess the adaptability of the AquaCrop model in the Yellow River irrigation area, three treatments were established based on 95% of the local agricultural company’s irrigation quota: low level (280.5 mm, W1), medium level (382.5 mm, W2), and high level (484.5 mm, W3). The effects of different irrigation quotas on silage corn were studied, and the AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated using two years of experimental data to identify an optimal irrigation scheme aimed at maximizing water use efficiency. In 2023, the soil moisture content (SWC) of 0~40 cm soil layer under W3 treatment was higher than that of W1 treatment and W2 treatment. The average biomass and yield of each treatment were as follows: W3 treatment> W2 treatment > W1 treatment. In 2023, the R ², EF and RMSE of the simulated and measured SWC values of each treatment were 0.73~0.79, 0.67~0.75 and 0.35%~2.4%, respectively. The R ², EF and RMSE of the simulated and measured values of canopy coverage were 0.90~0.96, 0.98~0.99 and 2.38%~8.00%, respectively. The R ² and EF of the simulated and measured biomass values were 0.91~0.95 and 0.97~0.99, respectively, and the RMSE was 2.03~2.05 t/hm². The RE of the simulated and measured yield values was between 1.4%~2.46%, the R ² was 0.98, the RE of the simulated and measured water use efficiency values was between 0.73%~3.94%, and the R ² was 0.97. The results showed that the AquaCrop model could effectively simulate the growth process of silage maize in the Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia. With the goal of saving water and increasing yield, the water use efficiency of silage corn was better when the irrigation amount was 382.5 mm.

To investigate the effects of deficit irrigation and straw mulching on biological characteristics and water use efficiency of Tartary buckwheat, six treatments were set up combining straw mulching (bare land S₁, straw mulching S₂) and and irrigation methods (conventional irrigation M₁, mild regulated deficit irrigation M₂, and heavy regulated deficit irrigation M₃). The differences of soil moisture content, agronomic traits, yield and water use efficiency of each treatment were compared. The results showed that the yield and water use efficiency of straw mulching treatment were increased by 13.5% and 32.9%, respectively, compared to bare land treatment. Compared to full irrigation, the yield and water use efficiency of mild deficit irrigation were increased by 5.3% and 52.8%, respectively. After the interaction between regulated deficit irrigation and straw mulch, M₂S₂ treatment had the highest yield and water use efficiency. The yield and water use efficiency of M₂S₂ were increased by 16.1% and 95.7%, respectively, compared to M₁S₁, mainly due to the net photosynthetic rate, branch number per plant, biomass and seed setting rate of M₂S₂ treatment were significantly increased by 13.0%, 12.1%, 12.5% and 8.3%, respectively. In conclusion, mild deficit irrigation and straw mulching can significantly improve Tartary buckwheat yield and water use efficiency, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for water-saving and efficient cultivation of Tartary buckwheat.

To explore the effects of increased application of organic fertilizer on yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of wheat and maize under supplementary irrigation conditions, this study provides theoretical basis and technical support for rational utilization of water and fertilizer resources and high-yield and high-efficiency production of wheat maize in Supplementary Irrigation Area of Central Henan Province. The field positioning experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020, three irrigation levels were set: without irrigation (W0), supplementary irrigation once(W1) (jointing stage),supplemental irrigation twice (W2) (jointing stage, heading flowering stage), with 450 m³/hm². Five fertilization levels were set: no fertilization (N0), pure nitrogen 210 kg/hm² (N1), pure nitrogen 300 kg/hm² (N2), pure nitrogen 210 kg/hm² + organic fertilizer 1 500 kg/hm² (N3), pure nitrogen 300 kg/hm² + organic fertilizer 1 500 kg/hm² (N4)。① The continuous 2 a irrigation measure (W), fertilization mode (N) and the interaction of irrigation × fertilization had significant effects on the yield and water consumption of wheat and maize during the whole growth period. Under low nitrogen（N1）conditions, adding organic fertilizer was beneficial to improve the yield and water use efficiency of wheat and maize, and the yield of wheat increased by 1.75% to 17.11%. Corn yields increased by 2.42% to 12.66%. ②Under three irrigation levels for two consecutive years, the yield and water use efficiency of wheat and maize in N0 treatment were lower or significantly lower than those in other treatments. ③In 2019, W1N4 was the highest in wheat and maize yield, which were 11 865.53 kg/hm² and 11 662.82 kg/hm², respectively. In 2020, W2N4 wheat treatment had the highest yield, and W1N3 treatment had the highest corn yield. ④The water consumption of wheat in the whole growth period was significantly different, and the water consumption of wheat and maize in the second successive 2 a supplemental irrigation treatment was higher than that of the corresponding treatment without irrigation. ⑤The use efficiency of wheat and maize in 2019 was the lowest in W2N0, and the use efficiency of wheat in 2020 was the lowest in W1N0, followed by W2N0. W2N0 treatment had the lowest water use efficiency. Supplementary irrigation or increased application of organic fertilizer had significant effects on yield of wheat and maize, and had certain positive effects on water use efficiency of wheat and maize. The recommended suitable wheat-maize irrigation and fertilization mode for the supplementary irrigation area in Central Henan Province is: supplementary irrigation once at jointing stage of wheat and maize, with the application of pure nitrogen 300 kg/hm² plus organic fertilizer 1 500 kg/hm² (the base application of nitrogen fertilizer was based on the base application∶jointing fertilizer =7∶3)

To enhance the nitrogen use efficiency in paddy fields and reduce agricultural non-point source pollution, this study selected two fields employing alternating wet and dry irrigation and traditional flooded irrigation methods. The distribution of NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃ ^--N, and TN concentrations in the soil profiles of the paddy fields under these two irrigation methods was analyzed. The results showed that after three applications of nitrogen fertilizer, the concentrations of NH₄ ⁺-N and TN in surface water and at different soil depths varied similarly, with concentrations peaks followed by rapid declines. However, under the water-saving irrigation condition, the peak of NO₃ ^--N concentration was not obvious due to its low value. While under the traditional flooding condition, the peak of NO₃ ^--N concentration lagged behind that of NH₄ ⁺-N. On the whole, the first five days after fertilization were identified as a critical period for controlling nitrogen loss from the paddy fields. The water use efficiency and nitrogen productivity were higher in the paddy field under the water-saving irrigation condition. These findings provide a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of water and fertilizer use and reducing agricultural non-point source pollution.

In an era that values sustainable development and ecological civilization, the supply-demand balance of water resources is an important factor in measuring the social and economic development of a region. The concept of water resource ecological footprint is increasingly adopted by more and more experts and scholars and is a key indicator of measurement. However, in this area of research, existing scholars mainly focus on analyzing and exploring the current situation, lacking predictions for the future. Shandong Province, which is economically prosperous and densely populated, faces the problem of tight water supply and demand due to rapid socio-economic development. It is urgent to seek sustainable solutions to ensure the coordinated development of water resources and socio-economic development. Based on the water resources ecological footprint and system dynamics model of water supply and demand in Shandong Province, scenarios such as SD1 (maintaining the status quo), SD2 (developing the economy), SD3 (saving water), and SD4 (comprehensive development) were designed to predict the ecological footprint and carrying capacity of water resources in Shandong Province from 2022 to 2050. The results show that the average values of per capita water resources ecological footprint under the four scenarios from 2022 to 2050 are 0.408, 0.447, 0.319 and 0.412 hm²/capita respectively, and the average values of per capita water resources ecological carrying capacity in all scenarios is 0.130 hm²/capita, resulting in per capita water resources ecological loss of 0.278, 0.317, 0.189 and 0.282 hm²/capita. The average values of water resources ecological pressure index and ecological economic coordination index under the four scenarios are 3.149, 3.458, 2.466 and 3.180, and 1.257, 1.242, 1.304 and 1.259 respectively. The water resources utilization pressure in Shandong Province in the future is large and the pressure and the state of unsafe utilization of water resources will continue. When comparing the four scenarios from the perspective of water resource ecological footprint, SD4, a comprehensive development scenario, has appropriate evaluation indicators, which can not only ensure economic development but also reduce the extent of unsustainable water resources utilization. It is a development scenario that should be considered in Shandong Province in the future. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the water efficiency of various industries and strengthen the awareness of water conservation in the whole society, which both increases water availability and reduces consumption, in order to ensure the realization of sustainable water resource utilization.

Integrated watershed management/three water synergistic regulation is a necessary way to purify water quality, eliminate black-odorous of water bodies, restore the health of aquatic ecosystems/optimize water resource regulation, improve water environment quality, and repair water ecosystems, and a rapid, efficient and accurate decision support platform is an important tool/key tool to realize the optimized decision making of integrated watershed management/three water synergistic regulation. In response to the challenges faced by the Jinshan Lake Basin in terms of multi water co-governance and water environment and ecological security, in order to achieve the integration and collaborative governance of the three water systems in the Jinshan Lake Basin, as well as targeted precise and efficient decision-making, this paper proposes a decision support platform architecture based on the "air-ground-water" integrated model system and the achievements of the watershed intelligent management platform technology. Deploying data centers, computing centers, control centers, and operation centers with relatively independent functions, and through key technologies such as data fusion integration and model integration, a decision support platform for coordinated regulation of the three water systems in the Jinshan Lake Basin has been constructed. The platform realizes the collection and transmission, storage management and exchange and sharing of heterogeneous data from meteorological, hydrological and water quality sources, and integrates the functions of on-demand calling and intelligent driving of multi-process coupling models including meteorological, terrestrial and water modules, as well as the functions of setting up control and management schemes, process simulation, effect evaluation and optimal decision-making for the synergistic management of water resources, water environment enhancement and water ecology restoration, which are the objectives of water resources protection, water environment enhancement and water ecology restoration. For the basin pollution load control-water body hydraulic enhancement-ecological function restoration and other multi-objective integration, targeted management of the regulation program development to provide accurate and efficient decision-making and other technical services, improve the basin water quantity and quality of water ecological synergistic regulation of decision-making ability and efficiency, support the Jinshan Lake Basin, three water quality, quality and efficiency of the synergistic development.

Irrigation areas play a vital role in food security and sustainable agricultural development in China, and the allocation of water resources in irrigation areas plays a critical role in regulating the regional ecological environment, especially in the North China region where groundwater overexploitation and secondary soil salinization are prominent issues. Therefore, this study focusses on the characteristics of soil salinity and groundwater quality changes in North China's typical well canal irrigation system driven by the joint allocation of surface water and groundwater, revealing the impact of water resource allocation on the ecological environment of irrigation areas. However, how different surface water and groundwater water use ratios drive the spatiotemporal changes in soil salt redistribution and groundwater hydro-chemical properties, and how to determine the appropriate surface water and groundwater water use ratio in the People’s Victory Canal irrigation district is the focus of this study. This paper presents three-year experiment investigating the changes in soil salt and groundwater geochemistry when groundwater - surface water ratio (GSR) varied from dramatically (e.g. 0.228 to 0.655) in the People’s Victory Canal irrigation district. The results showed that the annual salt leaching rate from the root zone decreased linearly as the GSR increased, but there was a threshold value to be 0.3794 approximately beyond which the salt content in the root zone remained unchanged. It was found that all treatments led to a decrease in salt content in the top 0~20 cm soil, but the change in salt content in the 20-100cm subsoil depended on GSR, which leached at low GSR and accumulated at high GSR values. Salt dynamics in the soil had direct consequences on groundwater chemistry. Salt leaching from the soil increased the total dissolved ions while reducing the sodium adsorption ratio in groundwater. We also found that increasing surface water in irrigation will result in reducing soil pH, evidenced from the increased cation concentrations. Redundancy analysis revealed that the change in groundwater geochemistry was mostly affected by GSR. Irrigation altered groundwater chemistry within a very short period even when the groundwater table was deeper than 8 m, indicating a preferential flow along the bio-pores associated with roots. The combined utilization of groundwater and surface water is a key strategy to regulate the redistribution of soil salt in the root layer and the change of groundwater geochemistry.

Aiming at the problem that agricultural water consumption accounts for a large proportion of the total regional water consumption and the water use efficiency needs to be improved, this article constructs a regional agricultural initial water rights allocation model from the perspective of balancing equity and efficiency. The objective is to minimize the difference in equity and satisfaction, and at the same time combining the agricultural water use efficiency indicators as the core constraints. Taking Yiyang city as an example, the model is solved by using the Mtalab fmincon function to achieve the initial water right allocation for each administrative district in 2025. The results show that the initial agricultural water rights allocation based on the model of balancing equity and efficiency reduces the total amount and the difference in equity satisfaction compared with the status quo allocation, and the allocation results are more equitable and efficient. The results of the study can provide a reference for other regions in allocating initial agricultural water rights.

Accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET ₀) is crucial for effective agricultural water resource management. The Northeast region of China, a vital grain-producing area, presents unique challenges due to its relatively high latitude and lower temperatures, which contribute to numerous factors affecting ET ₀ and high estimation uncertainty. This study uses the Mind Evolutionary Algorithm (MEA) to optimize the ET ₀ model and compares the accuracy of nine different input factors to identify the best ET ₀ calculation model for the region. Meteorological data from 20 weather stations spanning from 1961 to 2019 were applied. The Mann-Kendall trend test and inverse distance weighting interpolation were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variations of ET ₀. The MEA was then applied to optimize the model parameters, and the results were compared with the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith formula. Between 1961 and 2019, the results showed that the annual average ET ₀ in the Northeast region ranged from 567.81 to 1 080.66 mm. The northern part of the region showed an increasing trend in ET ₀, while the central plains and southern coastal areas exhibited a decreasing trend. Before optimization, the accuracy ranking of different models for ET ₀ calculation at the 20 stations was as follows: radiation-based models > humidity-based models > temperature-based models. The Mak model demonstrated the highest level of accuracy, with median values of R ², NSE, RMSE, and MAE at 0.801, 0.786, 0.570 mm/d, and 0.331 mm/d, respectively. In addition，after optimization using the MEA, the improvements in R ², NSE, RMSE, and MAE for the nine empirical models ranged from 14.43% to 47.15%, 14.84% to 50.47%, 5.42% to 46.79%, and 7.47% to 39.86%, respectively. The optimized Mak model showed median values of R ², NSE, RMSE, and MAE at 0.910, 0.907, 0.510 mm/d, and 0.291 mm/d, respectively. Therefore, in scenarios with limited meteorological data, the Mak model can be considered the optimal choice for ET ₀ calculation in the Northeast region. The MEA optimization improves the model accuracy and achieves a better balance between accuracy and efficiency.

This paper utilizes micro-data from 985 grain farmers in Hebei, Shandong and Henan to construct an unconditional quantile treatment effect model to analyze the impact of water-saving technology adoption on farmers' income. The results show that: water-saving technology has a significant income-enhancing effect on farmers. After correcting for sample self-selection bias using the instrumental variables method, the adoption of water-saving technologies can increase the per capita income of farm households by an average of 16.5%, and the increase in the per capita income of households caused by water-saving technologies is measured to be 13.8% when the endogenous switching regression model is utilized to further control the heterogeneity of the decision-making choices of different farm households in adopting water-saving technologies. A "Matthew effect" exists in the impact of water-saving technologies on farmers' income. Compared with low-income farmers, high-income farmers adopt water-saving technologies to increase their incomes by a larger margin. The policy implications of this paper are to give full play to the income-generating effects of water-saving technology, reduce the barriers to the adoption of agricultural water-saving technology; alleviate the impact of water-saving technology on the income of farmers, "Matthew effect", to improve the degree of awareness of water-saving technology.

Soil moisture monitoring sites are vulnerable to factors such as human damage, natural disasters and equipment failures, resulting in varying degrees of data loss, which directly affects their application in agricultural production, meteorological monitoring, and ecological environment. This study uses the soil moisture observation data of a wireless sensor network of soil temperature and humidity in the Shandian River Basin, adopts machine learning methods, and uses MODIS surface temperature, vegetation index, surface albedo, thermal inertia, and surface elevation as parameters to study the method of repairing missing data of soil moisture stations. The results show that: ①Random forests have higher accuracy (correlation coefficient r=0.95, root mean square error RMSE=0.023 m³/m³, unbiased root mean square error ubRMSE=0.023 m³/m³, bias Bias=-0.001) than generalized regression neural networks; ②In areas with low vegetation coverage, the model fitting effect is better than that in areas with high vegetation coverage; ③The random forest model has higher accuracy when the site data is missing at different levels (correlation coefficient r>0.8, root mean square error RMSE≤0.038 m³/m³, unbiased root mean square error ubRMSE≤0.038 m³/m³, Bias≤0.018), showing even higher accuracy during periods of partial data loss, which well reflects the trend of soil moisture changing with seasons. This study provides reference and support for the restoration of ground site data and the layout of ground sites.

Three Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were used to obtain soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) of black soil with different erosion degrees, and were compared with measured data to indirectly estimate SWCC of black soil. Four types of black soil with different erosion degrees were used as the test soil. The commonly used PTFs models, Rosetta3 and CalcPTF-Var (developed by Varallyay et al, 1982), and PTFs model (Number: PTFs3) developed by using the maximum hygroscopicity as the residual water content(θ_r ) was used to predict the parameters of the van Genuchten (VG) model. The input data of the Rosetta3 model include percentages of soil particles (sand, silt and clay), soil bulk density, and soil water content at pressures of 33 kPa and 1 500 kPa (θ _{33 kPa} and θ _{1 500 kPa}). CalcPTF input data include percentages of soil particles (sand, silt and clay), soil bulk density, and soil organic carbon content. The input data of PTFs3 include saturated water content(θ ₀), maximum hygroscopicity (θ _97%RH), θ _{33 kPa} and θ _{1 500 kPa}. The parameters obtained from the above three methods were incorporated into the VG model to obtain the soil water content under different water suction of SWCC, and compared with the measured values. The results showed that there was significant correlation between the simulated values and the measured values by using the VG parameters obtained from three PTFs models, with the simulated results closely aligning with measured results. The difference between the predicted and measured values of PTFs3 is generally within ±0.05 cm³?cm^-3; The difference between the CalcPTF-Var model is generally between -0.08 and 0.05 cm³?cm^-3; The difference in Rosetta3 model is generally between -0.10 and 0.06 cm³?cm^-3. The differences mainly come from SWCC of ≤ 33 kPa. The differences of 33~1 500 kPa SWCC is relatively small. For the Rosetta3 and PTFs3 were corrected by θ _{33 kPa} and θ _{1 500 kPa}, the accuracy is relatively controllable and the simulated results is better than CalcPTF-Var. For each tested soil sample, the three PTFs had significant percentage of prediction deviations for severely eroded black soil, but PTFs3 performed better than the other two models. CalcPTF-Var also showed relatively large bias in the simulation of sample S1. In summary, the PTFs3 model is a more suitable method for predicting the parameters of the VG model for black soil SWCC. The main source of the Rosetta 3 model error is the underestimation of soil water content at ≤ 1 kPa SWCC, while overestimating soil water content at 6~33 kPa. The CalcPTF-Var model that only need soil physical and chemical properties should be pay attention to the significant deviations on some black soil samples.

Exploring the effects of fertilization cycle, drip spacing, and capillary arrangement on soil water storage, water consumption, and water use efficiency in apple subsurface drip irrigation technology parameters. The goal is to propose optimal parameters for integrated water and fertilizer technology in apple drip irrigation. A field water-fertilisation drip irrigation experiment was carried out from 2022 to 2023 in the high-quality production area of Jingning County, Gansu Province, with the full-fruiting short-branch Fuji apples as the research object. Three experimental factors of fertiliser application cycle (T), drip-head spacing (D), and the way of arrangement of the caterpillar tubes (P) were used. The fertiliser cycle was set at two levels of 15 d (T15) and 30 d (T30), and the drip-head spacing was set at 30 cm (D30), 50 cm (D50) two levels, set a row of one tube (P1), a row of two tubes (P2), a total of eight technical modes. The soil water content and yield of the 0~100 cm soil layer during the whole life cycle of apple were determined under different technical modes. The results showed that: ①The significant effects of the parameters T, D and P of subsurface drip irrigation on soil water storage in apple orchards vary at different growth stages. T, D and P have significant effects on soil water storage in the 0~100 cm soil layer of apple orchards during flower bud differentiation and mid to late expansion stages. The second-order and third-order interactions among the three factors have no significant impact on soil water storage at the 0~100 cm soil layer. ② The different technical modes under the combination of T, D and P gradually increase the daily soil water consumption during the apple growth and development period, reaching its maximum during the swelling period. ③T can significantly increase yield, with an increase of 3 321.10 kg/hm² in 15 days compared to 30 days, and has no significant effect on WUE. D has no significant impact on yield and WUE. P has a significant impact on yield and WUE, with P2 significantly increasing by 3 910.29 kg/hm² and 1.34 kg/(hm² ? mm) compared to P1, respectively. T. Among the second-order and third-order interactions among the three factors D and P, except for the interaction between T and P, the impact on yield and WUE is not significant. The combination of drip irrigation water-fertiliser integration technical parameters with a fertilizer application cycle of 15 d and a drip head spacing of 30 cm between two tubes in a row can significantly increase yield and WUE, and is one of the preferred drip irrigation water-fertiliser integration technical parameters for high yield, stable yield, and high efficiency and water conservation in Jingning apples.

The distribution conditions of moisture and heat in the soil surrounding lined channels vary significantly, when the channel base soil in the freezing process with or without capillary water rise under the conditions of freezing and expansion differences are obvious. Based on this difference, experiments were conducted to investigate the frost heave rates of soil with different initial moisture contents under various temperature conditions and study the change rule of soil freezing expansion deformation in this case. Based on these findings, the establishment of numerical simulation model, the freezing process with or without capillary water rise in the freezing process of lining channel freezing soil frost expansion under the difference in the impact of frost expansion comparison. The results of the study show that when capillary water rises, higher temperatures lead to greater increments in frost heave rates. Conversely, lower temperatures result in increased water absorption by the soil. Freezing deformation and freezing stress of lined channels with and without capillary water rise have significant differences. When capillary water rises, the deformation and stress of lined channels due to freezing expansion are greater than those without capillary water rise. The maximum freezing deformation of lined channels at -2 ℃, -4 ℃ and -7 ℃ under the condition of capillary water rise and the maximum freezing deformation under the condition of no capillary water rise, the lower the temperature, the difference gradually increases. -2 ℃, -4 ℃, -6 ℃ under the capillary water rising conditions of the maximum frost expansion stress and no capillary water rising conditions of the maximum frost expansion stress along with the lower temperature, the difference gradually increases. The presence of capillary water rise will exacerbate the occurrence of cracks in lined channels under soil freezing and expansion. The study can provide a reference for the effect of freezing expansion of lined channels with or without capillary water rise and engineering construction.

To adapt to the automatic of large-scale irrigation areas in China, play the role of reservoir regulation and storage, and meet the water demand of water users to the maximum extent, this paper takes the main trunk canal and part of the sub-trunk canal of the irrigation area of Quanmutang as the research object, and builds the trunk canal model and trunk branch coupling model based on the operation simulation and control software of the water transmission channel system. The results show that: ①When the water intake changes at the downstream end of the channel, the joint operation of reservoir and canal can accelerate the response time, ensuring timely water supply to users and improving the water supply efficiency. In addition, the influence range and degree of water intake disturbance are reduced, and the overspike of each gate flow is reduced, and the system can reach stability faster. ②The inclusion of the reservoir can weaken the disturbance caused by the change of water intake to a certain extent, and when the location of the reservoir is added closer to the bleeder, the scope and degree of the influence of the water intake disturbance are weaker, and the effect of joint regulation of the channel and the reservoir is more obvious; ③The stability time of reservoir water entering the channel at the same time is shorter than that of the same flow, which is more conducive to the stability of the channel. The research results can provide ideas for how to make the channel system reach stability faster and provide reference for the exploration of the joint scheduling rules of canals and reservoirs.