In this experiment，the effects of different nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer on nutrient and yield of corn were studied． The results show that the nutrient absorption of corn is mainly concentrated in leaves，followed by stem，and the mature period is mainly grains，bracts， corn cobs，etc．，and nitrogen plays a decisive role in the process of nitrogen absorption and phosphorus uptake． The change of nitrate content in soil is mainly concentrated in 0～ 40 cm soil layer． Ｒeasonable application of N and P can increase the absorption of nitrate nitrogen and play a significant role in the growth of maize． Under the same condition of irrigation，nitrogen fertilizer is the main factor limiting the available phosphorus，and the increase of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the increase of the content of available phosphorus in a certain range． The utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer mainly depends on the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer． In the middle and late stage，the application N and p fertilizer promots the increase of yield，and the yield of each treatment is NP9 ＞ NP8 ＞ NP3 ＞ NP6 ＞ NP7 ＞ NP2 ＞ NP1 ＞ CK． In this study，the nitrogen and phosphorus application amount of the optimal production planning scheme was 225 kg /hm2 ( pure N) ，123．7 kg /hm2 ( P2O5 ) ，and the yield was 14 167 kg /hm2 ．

The hydraulic performance test of the ball driven sprinkler with the inlet diameter of 1/2〞under no wind was carried out. The flow rate, rotating speed and radial water distribution of sprinkler with or without a hole in the guide structure were discussed respectively. The effect of inlet angles of guide structure on combined sprinkler uniformity and terminal droplet diameter were studied. The results showed that, the effect of guide structure with or without a hole on the flow rate and radial water distribution of sprinkler was insignificant except the rotating speed. As the increasing of working pressure, the radial intensity of sprinkler irrigation with or without a hole in the guide structure increased as a whole. When the working pressure increased to 0.35 MPa, the water distribution curve trends to be an approximate triangular. The quality and economy of sprinkler irrigation were better at the working pressure of 0.25 MPa and the inlet angle of 19°. The suitable droplet frequency was 33.2%, which was the highest in all working conditions. Taking the irrigation quality and cost into account, it is recommended that the ball driven sprinkler working pressure of 0.25MPa，the inlet angle of guide structure chooses 19° and the sprinkler spacing of 14m×16m.

In order to explore the differences of different regional scale rice irrigation quota，typical irrigation area is selected in the south Poyang lake basin in this paper to carry out different regional scale water balance test and study the rice irrigation quota at different regional scale in the whole stages to provide scientific basis for different regional scale agricultural water resources planning，scheduling， management，and evaluation． The results showed that there was a certain difference in rice irrigation quota between different regional scales; The regional scale irrigation quota decreased by 173．3 mm and 32．80% compared with the bottom－pit in the experimental irrigation station; Compared with the typical field block size，the reduction rate was 143．2 mm and 28．74 %．When using the experimental data of irrigation test station or the typical field observation and calculation data for the guidance of farmland irrigation or the planning and design of irrigation engineering，the limitation conditions of experiment and the reuse of regression water in the region should be properly considered．

In order to constantly monitor the size of the soil moisture content in the crop root zone, this study used thermal infrared camera in a low uavs to obtain cotton canopy temperature disposed of four kinds of moisture five times in a day during five days of the blooming period, and make soil moisture content of different depth establish model of relationship with three kind of the crop water stress index (CWSI), calculated from the theoretical, simplified and defined patterns of the crop water stress index. The results show that there is a power function relationship between the three kinds of crop water stress indexes and soil moisture content, and the theoretical pattern has the best correlation with soil moisture content, followed by the defined pattern, and the simplified pattern is the worst. As for different time points in a day, the monitoring accuracy of the three kinds of water stress indexes was highest at 13:00, and worst at 9:00 and 17:00. In terms of monitoring depth, the three indexes were most closely related to the soil moisture content from 0 to 60cm, followed by the depth from 0 to 30cm and worst from 0 to 15cm. The results can be reasonably used to obtain the soil moisture content in a large area, and improve the inversion accuracy of soil moisture content in crop root layer.

Based on meteorological data and field measurement data during freeze-thaw period, a combined approach of gray correlation analysis and BP neural network model is used to simulate the freeze-thaw soil evaporation. The correlation between 9 factors which affects the evaporation of freeze-thaw soil is analyzed based on the method of gray correlation analysis, and the domain factors influencing the freeze-thaw soil evaporation are precipitation, average air temperature, water surface evaporation, soil surface temperature and soil surface moisture content with a ranking method of correlations, which are input layer of the soil evaporation forecast model. The results show that the mean relative error of the model between predicted and measured value is 9.9078%, the coefficient of determination is 0.93, which suggests that the Gray Correlation Analysis-BP model is reasonable and can be used for prediction of the freeze-thaw soil evaporation.

Crop water source is an important research object of soil － plant － atmosphere continuum and agricultural water saving．In order to further study the water sources of poplar in arid and semi－arid areas，this study used the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope technology to analyze the change rules of hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition of different water sources，and applied the multiple mixing model to quantitatively analyze the water sources of poplar．The results show the slope and intercept of the soil waterline and the local precipitation line are smaller than the global pnecipitation line． With seasonal change，in the early growth stage，the poplars mainly use 0 ～ 80 cm of shallow soil water; in the rapid growth period，the poplars mainly use 80～ 120 cm middle－layer soil water and start to use groundwater at the same time; at the end of the growth stage，the poplars mainly use 160 ～ 220 cm of deep soil water while using groundwater，indicating that the poplars can gradually adjust the utilization rate of each potential water source according to the water condition．

The Xinyang wuyuexian peach as experimental material, the experiment was seted up two mulching cultivation methods, plastic film mulching and covering with straw and film mulching , using the open field cultivation (CK) as the control, to study on the dynamic change process by determined the content of peach fruit soluble sugar, titratable acid, soluble solids, anthocyanin, with the aim to identify the effects of different mulching cultivation conditions on growth and development of Xinyang wuyuexian peach fruit. The results show that the content of soluble solid, anthocyanin and soluble sugar content in peach fruit under different mulching conditions increased slowly in the early stage, during the development of Xinyang wuyuexian peach, and increased rapidly in fruit physiological maturity (78d after full bloom), while the content of peach fruit titratable acidity decreased as the fruit mature. In peach fruit mature period(93d after full bloom), the plastic film mulching cultivation methods on the content of peach fruit titratable acid content were significantly decreased and the content of soluble solids, anthocyanin and soluble sugar was the highest in peach fruit in comparison with CK and covering with straw and film mulching cultivation methods. And the content of anthocyanin in peach under covering with straw and film mulching condition was significantly higher than CK.The correlation analysis of the content of peach fruit in 7 sampling time during peach fruit development showed that fruit content of soluble sugar and titratable acid, titratable acid and soluble solids, anthocyanin and soluble solids, soluble sugar and soluble solids were correlated on the young fruit period (50d after full bloom),fruit-expansion stage (57d and 78d after full bloom) and fruit maturity (93d after full bloom) , respectively. In a word, there is a positive correlation between the quality indexes of peach fruit in the process of fruit development，and the mulching plastic film condition can significantly increase the internal quality of peach fruit.

In order to analyze the effect of bulk density on soil water infiltration capacity under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) in red soil regions, taking Jiangxi red loam as an example, the indoor soil tank experiment was used to simulate the effect of soil bulk density on the water infiltration of SDI under red soil conditions. The results show that the bulk density has a great influence on the soil infiltration capacity. With the increase of bulk density, the wetting front, cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate all showed a trend of decreasing gradually, but the larger the bulk density, the smaller the decreasing amplitude, and the cumulative infiltration and soil bulk density had a negative correlation of power function, as well as the steady infiltration rate. At the end of irrigation and the redistribution of 1d and 3d, the bulk density has a significant effect on the distribution of soil water content, but with the growth of time, the influence of bulk density gradually weakens. At the end of irrigation and the redistribution of 1d, the soil moisture content was the highest at the depth of 20 cm, and the soil water content was the highest at 30 cm when the redistribution of 3d. The Kostiakov infiltration model showed that the bulk density had a significant effect on the initial infiltration rate and the decay rate of the infiltration rate. The initial infiltration rate of the soil decreased with the increase of the bulk density, while the decay rate of the infiltration rate increased with the bulk density increased. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the promotion and application of SDI in red soil regions.

Considering the characteristics of water － saving agriculture and its possible impacts on the social，economic and ecological environment in the region，a comprehensive benefit evaluation method for water－saving agriculture based on the multi－objective evaluation and the Topsis method is put forward in the light of index selection，dimension reduction and comprehensive benefit evaluation． Based on the data of water－saving transformation，irrigation water，crop planting and meteorology in the area of Heilongjiang peaceful irrigation area，the influence factors of the comprehensive benefit evaluation of water－saving agriculture were analyzed，and the social，economic and ecological three－level indicators and the 22 third－level indicators were selected． And a large－scale water－saving agriculture comprehensive benefit evaluation index system is established． The main component analysis method is adopted to measure the index． To reduce the dimension，the practicability and the scientificity of the evaluation index system are improved; the comprehensive benefit evaluation of water － saving agriculture in the peaceful irrigation area is carried out by using the Topsis method，and the comprehensive score and the changing law of each year are obtained，and the reasons are analyzed from the main factors that influence the comprehensive scoring． The results show that the most comprehensive benefit is 2016 and the lowest is in 2013． The comprehensive score of water－saving agriculture in the peaceful irrigation area increases with the time，and is gradually steady．

To explore the effect of biogas slurry irrigation on the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil hydraulic conductivity，the pH，bulk density，total porosity，mechanical composition，moisture content，and organic matter of soils in different depths of tomato root zone were systematically studied． The effects of different ratio of biogas slurry and irrigation volume on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity were analyzed． The results show that the application of biogas slurry can reduce soil pH to a certain extent，the decrease range is 1．25% to 3．75%; the application of biogas slurry can reduce the soil bulk density，and the decrease range is between 2．13% and 8．97%． And the application of biogas slurry can reduce soil sand content and increase the content of soil particles and clay． With the increase of biogas slurry irrigation ratio and the increase of biogas slurry irrigation volume，the total porosity of different soil depths shows an increasing trend． The relationship between soil water content and biogas slurry ratio is positively correlated with the amount of biogas slurry irrigation，the soil moisture content varies parabolically with the soil depth; in the vertical section，the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil profiles decreases with the increase of soil depth． The threshold value of soil organic matter to saturated hydraulic conductivity is 18．51 g /kg． The multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that soil bulk density and clay content and soil organic matter are the main factors affecting soil saturated hydraulic conductivity． It is suggested that the reasonable ratio of biogas slurry and the amount of irrigation should be controlled by T2 treatment，but its long－term application effect needs to be further verified．

The effect of increasing groundwater depth and leaching by fresh water on coastal saline soil was studied in order to provide scientific basis for the improvement of coastal saline soil and the rational utilization of water resources． Salt drainage from shallow wells， irrigation water and rainfall leaching were used as salt drainage and desalination measures． The groundwater level and soil salt content of 1m at different radii from salt drainage wells were measured to study the changes in the process of salt drainage and desalination． The research shows that the shallow well of 4 m or so can effectively increase the groundwater depth and the groundwater depth in the pumping area presents a“V”type change around the salt discharge well． There was a difference in the effect of salt drainage on the salt content of the soil layer of 1 m in moderately and severely saline soil． The moderately saline soil showed the effect of salt inhibition，while the severely saline soil showed the effect of salt removal． Irrigation or rainfall has desalination effect on saline－alkali soil，pumping out soil water storage capacity will increase the soil desalination rate，34．22% and 17．53% higher than that of irrigation or rainfall only，respectively． The effect of irrigation treatment close to the water amount is more obvious than that of rainfall． To sum up，increasing the groundwater depth and emptying the soil water storage capacity can effectively inhibit the salinization of saline soil，improve the irrigation water，rainfall and other fresh water salinity washing efficiency，and increase the effect of soil desalination．

The objective of the current research is to reveal the main temporal variation characteristics of water quality for a local reach of the Yangnong Chemical Plant of the Ancient Canal in Yangzhou City． Observation of the water quality parameters，such as the water temperature ( WT) ，pH，dissolved oxygen ( DO) ，electrical conductivity ( EC) and dissolved total solids ( TDS) ，had been conducted in the period from October 2015 to September 2017 ( 2 years) ． The analysis of the water quality parameters has been carried out by using the methods of correlation coefficient method，coefficient of variation method，single factor identification index method and multiple linear regression method． The results indicates that each corresponding parameter of the upstream and downstream sections is highly positively correlated，while the correlation coefficients of each parameter showed seasonal change; the order of the variability of water quality parameters is DO＞WT＞TDS＞ EC＞pH during the research period; the single factor identification index of DO exhibits that when the WT is lower than 14 ℃ and pH is higher than 7．3，the water quality category is mostly Ⅰ，Ⅱ or Ⅲ，and when WT is higher than 14 ℃ and pH is lower than 7．3，the waters quality category is most of Ⅳ or Ⅴ; according to results of the multiple linear regression model，DO is negatively correlated with WT and positively correlated with pH; the effect of pH change on DO is greater than that of WT; the correlations between DO and WT，and DO and pH of the upstream－section are both higher than that of the downstream－section．

Based on the water sample data of 16 water level monitoring wells in Aksu City，the groundwater quality was comprehensively evaluated by single factor evaluation method，F value evaluation method，grey correlation analysis method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method． The results show that the evaluation results of the single factor evaluation method and the F value scoring method are relatively close， while the evaluation results of the gray correlation analysis method and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method are relatively close． Among the different evaluation methods，the difference between the single factor evaluation method and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is the biggest because the water quality category is determined by the single index with the worst water quality in the single factor evaluation method，so the water quality category is inferior，while in the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method，the pollution factors exceeding the standard in a few monitoring indexes are neglected． In the process of calculation，the influence of the fuzziness of the demarcation line of different water quality classes and the influence of the evaluation factors on the water quality weight are fully considered，and the better water quality classes are obtained． The F value scoring method can reflect the overall state of water quality，but it highlights the level of the pollution index exceeding the standard in the evaluation results，and the evaluation results are not continuous．The grey correlation analysis method can make full and effective use of the monitoring data of water samples and make the evaluation results more consistent with the actual water quality．In order to make the evaluation result reflect the actual situation of water body more scientifically and objectively，the evaluation method should be selected reasonably according to the actual monitoring data and evaluation purpose

The prediction of water pollution load intensity is the key link of water pollution control． Hence，the GM( 1，1) model，Verhulst model and SCGM( 1，1) c model of water pollution load intensity were constructed based on grey system theory，and then the weight of these predictive models was calculated by predicting effectiveness method，and the GM－Verhulst－SCGM grey combination prediction model could be constructed． Moreover，the historical data of chemical oxygen demand ( COD) emissions per unit of industrial output value was applied to model fitting from 2004 to 2013，and the data from 2014 to 2016 was applied to model test． The results showed that: the prediction error of grey combination model was lower，so it met the need of accurate prediction of water pollution load intensity． Meanwhile，empirical analysis found that the water pollution load intensity was gradually declined，but there might be an“inflection point”could emerge． It meant that the rate of water pollution load intensity descent will gradually slow down form high speed，and the water pollution control would be changed from “shallow water area”to“deep water area”．

For the lake water quality impact factors in respect to the uncertainty of the four parameters interval number multiple attribute decision making problems, decision making information for the four parameters of interval numbers distance entropy model of lake water quality comprehensive assessment is proposed.The algorithm of the distance entropy measure of the interval number of four parameters is defined.By the ideal point method of multiple attribute decision making, through the calculation of each scheme, the closeness between the positive ideal solution,the alternatives are ranked from superior to inferior by the size of the closeness between the positive ideal solution.Finally ,the distance entropy model is applied to comprehensive evaluation of the lake water quality , the results show the rationality and feasibility of decision making method.

A gricultural water price reform process will be on economic, social, political, ecological environment and so on have important influence, therefore the implementation of the system and reasonable evaluation of agricultural water price reform project effect, to further deepen the agricultural water price reform, and then achieve the goal of agricultural water saving is of great significance. An agricultural water price reform pilot project as the background, based on field investigation and observation data, try to take advantage of the fuzzy hierarchy comprehensive analysis method to evaluate effect of agricultural water price reform, from four different water saving, economic, social and ecological level by the index of 15 class composed of agriculture water price reform project effect evaluation system, and constructs the fuzzy hierarchy analysis model. Model of the three scale method is adopted to establish priority judgment matrix, and USES and line to return a method to determine evaluation index weights vector, using the theory of fuzzy logic model to carry on the quantitative classification, the result of the evaluation index and improve the reliability of the evaluation process. Evaluation results show that the city's agricultural water price reform effect evaluation is good, the water saving effect and economic effect evaluation is good, social and ecological environment effect evaluation of grade. In order to further promote agricultural water price reform, according to the low rating index analysis of existing problems, suggestions from the investment, measuring facilities and perfect farmers water-saving awareness, etc.

In order to compare the comprehensive benefits differences of water－saving irrigation schemes and reasonably choose irrigation schemes，this study designed different irrigation modes ( sprinkler irrigation，drip irrigation and hand irrigation) and different irrigation quantities ( 140，180 and 220 m3 /hm2 ) ，used tomato as plant material，and observed tomato marketable yield，fruit sugar－acid ratio and soil salt，porosity，etc． under different processing． At the same time，the entropy weight coefficient evaluation model was introduced to evaluate and optimize different water －saving irrigation schemes． The results show that the improved entropy weight coefficient evaluation model can organically combine subjective and objective weights，and fully follow subjective experience and objective laws． The model calculation results show that the entropy weight coefficient of D2 treatment ( drip irrigation mode with 180 m3 /hm2 irrigation quota) has the highest evaluation value，reaching 0．93，indicating that D2 water－saving irrigation scheme has the optimal comprehensive benefits． Under the water－saving irrigation scheme，the saleable yield，sugar－acid ratio，nitrogen utilization efficiency，salt reduction efficiency and soil porosity of tomato were 132．3 t /hm2 ，10．73 t /hm2 ，62．1%，33．9% and 52．2%，respectively．

In May 2011，the leading group for the construction of water-saving society in Ningxia formulated and promulgated the Evaluation Standard for water-saving social carriers in Ningxia(Trial)， which standardized the assessment of water-saving carriers and water-saving social carriers， and provided technical support for the implementation of water-saving rewards and punishments. It has made positive contributions to promoting rational water use by the whole society， promoting progress in water-saving technology， and improving water conservation management. However， with the Advancement of water-saving society， the development of water-saving technology， and the wide application of water-saving instruments， this standard can no longer meet the requirements of water-saving carriers in the new era， and it can not play a strong role in promoting water saving. In fully absorbing the latest results of domestic research， combining the actual situation of Ningxia， we will study and formulate evaluation standards for water-saving counties and districts in Ningxia， and construct an evaluation index system. In the process of evaluation index setting， the index can reflect all aspects of water-saving counties and districts as far as possible， and ensure the completeness， pertinence and operability of the index. The evaluation indicators of water-saving counties and districts are divided into 7 categories and 31 categories: basic requirements， management indicators， comprehensive water-saving indicators， agricultural water-saving indicators， industrial water-saving indicators， water-saving indicators， and water-ecological environmental protection indicators. The percentage system is adopted， and the basic conditions for assessment and assessment are implemented. One vote negative system. At the same time， the construction principle of the evaluation index system， the setting of evaluation projects and evaluation standards， the scoring standards and calculation methods are also clearly stipulated.

The unbalanced spatial of water resources is restricting the sustainable development of China＇s economy． Quantitative research on spatial correlation structure and driving effect of interprovincial water consumption has great significance to the construction of water － conserving society． Firstly，based on the statistical data of provincial water consumption，the paper uses the modified gravity model to obtain the correlation between provincial water consumption and builds a spatial correlation network for provincial water consumption． It is found that the spatial correlation network structure of provincial water consumption is stable，but the network density and network efficiency are low，and the spatial correlation of water consumption in each province needs to be strengthened． Secondly，through the method of LMDI，the driving effect of the difference in water consumption between the four plate regions is analyzed，and effective measures to reduce the difference in water consumption in the region are found． Finally，based on the research conclusions，the paper proposes policy recommendations to reduce the overall regulation of water consumption and water consumption．

Remote sensing monitor of farmland irrigation aim to monitor the irrigated area and planting structure of irrigation areas through remote sensing technology to implement efficient irrigation water management, achieve the purpose of building water-saving agriculture and modern management of irrigation areas. Scientifically and objectively summed up the research progress of remote sensing extraction in irrigated areas of farmland, and provide reference for carrying out research in this field. By systematically reviewed the relevant domestic and foreign literature, then summarize the principles and methods used in the current research, the specific operation process, problems, etc. and look forward to the future development trend. It is worthy of affirmation that at present, it has preliminary theories and explorations, and achieved some results in remote sensing extraction of irrigated areas in local and regional farmland. The disadvantage is that the principle and method based on changed in soil moisture and temperature before and after irrigation are greatly affected by precipitation; the collection of surface measured data is difficult; data sources are single, and high “time and space” resolution data are less. In the future research, the multi-temporal dynamic extraction of irrigated area in farmland is a trend. The following aspects should also be emphasized: ①The principles and methods of extraction need to be further improved and supplemented; ②Pay attention to multi-source data and multiple factors integration analysis; ③Pay attention to the establishment and update of the irrigation area basic database and the application of big data technology.

Most of the channel irrigation in irrigation districts in China use flat sluice gates. During the irrigation process, due to the inaccurate water control of the slab gates, the utilization rate of irrigation water is not high, and there are often too many or too little water discharge. The most important part of the channel irrigation system is flow control. If the flow rate is known, the amount of water can be calculated based on time. In order to control the flow more accurately and reduce the waste of water resources, the improved artificial bee colony algorithm is used to optimize the process of controlling the gate flow, and the appropriate size of the gate opening is calculated according to the flow given by the user, so that the difference between actual flow and given flow is minimized. After establishing the model, calculating, simulation, and analyzing the results, the improved artificial bee colony algorithm meets the precision and speed required for control, and achieves the precise control of water flow to achieve water conservation.