To study the effects of plastic-covered ridge rainwater harvesting and row spacing patterns on grain filling characteristics in winter wheat，three treatments，including no film ( LD) ，plastic film ( PM) and biodegradable film ( JM) ，were conducted in ridge-furrow planting of winter wheat． The field experiment had two row spacing patterns，namely 20 cm( L4) and 30 cm( L3) ． The grain weight data in filing stage was collected，the filing process was simulated by using logistic equation，and then the filing characteristics was systematically analyzed． The results showed that the varied range of filing rate and the average filing rate of JM were the lowest，but the filing duration was significantly long; row spacing patterns had no significant effect on filing rate，however，the filing rate of L3 treatment was a little higher at early stage and that of L4 treatment was a little higher at late stage; rapid increasing-stage had the biggest contribution to the dry matter accumulation，followed by gradual increasing-stage; grain weight was very significant positive correlation with the appearance time of maximal filing rate; grain filing time parameters had greater variation coefficient than rate parameters，which indicated that time parameters were susceptible to the influence of the environment; film-covered ridge rainwater harvesting had a greater effect on parameters of grain filing than row spacing patterns; JM with L4 is beneficial to improve the grain weight．

Field experiments are conducted to investigate the characteristics of soil moisture change and growth characteristics of Alfalfa under different soil matrix potential． In the experiments，the tensiometer is buried at the depth of 20 cm immediately under the emitter，－15，－25 and －35 kPa are set respectively to control the drip irrigation of soil matrix potential，and the relationship between evaporation，rainfall，irrigation and soil matrix potential is analyzed． In the whole growth period，from the point of soil profile water distribution，the water content of soil profile in －15 kPa treatment is concentrated in 15% ～ 14%，which is more uniform than that of －25 kPa and －35 kPa treatment，and the distance between water intensive area and emitter is the nearest; the height of alfalfa under －15 kPa treatment reaches 41．7 cm，the coverage is 15．3%，the biomass value is 281．29 g /m2 ，and the growth performance is the best in all treatments．

Selection of water-saving and high-yield varieties is one of the important measures for agricultural and biological water-saving． This paper selects ten high-planting density maize varieties which are widely used on production，and analyzes the difference of water consumption characteristics，yield and water use efficiency of different varieties in semi-arid in high flow year． The results shows that the water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency of different varieties have larger differences; during the whole growth period，the water consumption of Luyu36 is the highest，and Limin33 is the lowest; all the varieties are sensitive to soil water supply capacity most from jointing stage to tasseling stage and this phase is the main period for water consumption differences between varieties; water use efficiency of different varieties has better consistency with yield; Dafeng30，Fuyou968 and Xianyu335 are the varieties with high yield and water use efficiency and low water consumption; DikaM9 and Liming33 are the varieties with low yield，water use efficiency and water consumption; Kangdi4574，Zhendan958，Luyu36，Jindan65 and Jingke968 have the nearly same yield，and all are high water consumption varieties． This study results will provide basis for selecting water-saving and high-yield varieties and deciding irrigation regulations in semi-arid area.

Taking semi-winter wheat variety Xinong 2000 and winter varieties Lantian 26 as the test material，the effect of different temperature ( 14℃，16℃，18℃ and 20℃ ) and soil moisture ( 75% ～ 80%，60% ～ 65% and 50% ～ 65% of saturated water content ) on the seedling growth and development of two ecotype wheat varieties are studied by using intelligent type artificial climate box． The results show that the soil moisture and temperature have significant effect on wheat seedling growth ( P＜0．05) ; the T4CK treatment has the fastest spike differentiation process，which is shortened for 7 days than that of T1CK treatment，which has the slowest spike differentiation process; when only taking temperature into consideration，with the temperature increases，the process of spike differentiation is faster，the T4 treatment is faster than T1 treatment by 4．7 days; the appropriate water stress accelerates the spike differentiation process，but there has no significant difference when comparing with the full irrigation of CK treatment; for the growth index，LW is beneficial to increase the numbers of secondary roots，leaf areas and dry matter，which are increased by an average of 22%，7% and 14%，respectively，than that of CK，while the length of secondary roots and plant height are reduced by 7% and 3% on average when compared with CK; plant height，leaf area per plant，the number of secondary roots，the length of secondary roots and dry matter of wheat all increase with the rise of temperature of day and night，the maximum difference is 2．31，2．94 cm，2．0 person，3．74 cm2 ，1．86 g，respectively，but the interaction among moisture，temperature，varieties has no significant effect on plant height，leaf area per plant，the number of secondary roots，the length of secondary roots and dry matter of wheat． 

In this paper，the wheat is taken as study object，through monitoring the total phosphorus migration process of plough layer( 0 ～ 100 cm) in the reproductive period under water and fertilizer coupling，the migration and transformation of total phosphorus in plough layer is analyzed systematically under different amount of irrigation( high 7．6 mm，low 6．1 mm) and fertilizer( high 125 kg /hm2 ，low 75 kg /hm2 ． 

Based on the upper and lower limit of appropriate soil moisture content on every growth stage of cotton, with the difference value of appropriate soil moisture content for irrigation control index, 3 levels of irrigation treatments was set up, carried out cotton field trials under drip-irrigation. The soil water-salt transport law and irrigation scheduling which appropriate for local cotton growth and has high WUE under mulched drip-irrigation was studied, and the yield-increasing effect was evaluated. The experimental results show that the irrigation scheduling which obtained from difference of appropriate soil moisture content determines soil water-salt transport law、distribution and accumulation characteristics. The overall performance is the soil water distribution and drip irrigation belt distance is negatively correlated, soil salt and water distribution has opposite relationship, soil water redistribution after irrigation, salinity directional move under the irrigation leaching, To form accumulation in the edge of the wetting front. Through Comprehensive analysis of the soil water and salt changes in time series of the key point and main rot layer, the main rot layer 0~40cm depth soil moisture of T2(385mm/18 times)treatment is in the appropriate moisture content range for cotton growing, desalination zone is formed, and the control effect of salt is the best. The different irrigation scheduling has certain influence on cotton yield, the T2 treatment can obtain highest cotton yield is 6083kg/hm2,WUE is 1.05kg/(mm·hm2), is the appropriate irrigation scheduling.

In order to provide reasonable irrigation guidance for tea plantation in hilly areas of Jiangsu province，the influences of different water regulation under sprinkler irrigation on growth and output of white tea are studied． The experiment includes three treatments，in which the soil moisture at 40 cm depth is controlled at 65%，75% and 85% and a treatment without irrigation as control． The treatments are replicated tree times in a completely randomized block design． The results show that: from the aspect of the influences of irrigation modes on new shoot growth，sprinkler irrigation mode can deepen the color of leaves and increase one-hundred-bud eight of teas; sprinkler irrigation can increase leaf area and productivity by 18．18% ～ 54．55% and the treatment of 85% relative water content is the most effective one; compared with no irrigation，the net income of the tea yard using sprinkler irrigation method can be increased by 340～ 1 560 thousand yuan per hm2 ． 

A field experiment is conducted to investigate the effects of two irrigation regimes ( irrigation and no irrigation) and two cultivars ( Liaodou14 and Liaodou21) on physiological characteristics and yield of soybean． The results indicate that irrigation increases LAI，plant height，shoot biomass and SPAD value but decreases the ratio of root to shoot of the same cultivar; the shoot biomass of the same treatment in different growth stages shows the order of Ｒ6＞Ｒ4＞Ｒ2，while the root to shoot ratio shows the order of Ｒ2＞Ｒ4＞Ｒ6; both irrigation and cultivar have significant effects on soybean yield，while irrigation has more effects than cultivar; irrigation enhances the yield of the same soybean variety and the Liaodou21 increases more yield than Liaodou14; Liaodou 14 has higher yield than Liaodou 21 under the same irrigation condition; irrigation also increases plant height，node number，internode length of the same soybean cultivar; under the same irrigation condition，Liaodou 14 has higher plant height and main stem node number，and lower internode length than Liaodou 21

Based on the projection pursuit classification model，taking water consumption，yield，water productivity，production cost，other cost，power consumption，fertilizer dosage，pesticides and lodging rate as the evaluation index，the economic benefit evaluation of rice control irrigation is conducted． The results show that the projection value of controlling Ⅰ treatment is the best，so the economic benefit of controlling irrigation Ⅰ treatment is the best，followed by controlling irrigation Ⅱ treatment，controlling irrigation Ⅲ treatment，demonstration zone and conventional irrigation treatment; the yield of controlling irrigation Ⅰ treatment is the highest and reaches 10 400．55 kg /hm2 ; compared with conventional irrigation，controlling irrigation Ⅰ treatment can save water by 899．85 m3 per hectare; the highest water production efficiency can reach 2．397 kg /m3 ． The research results can provide basis for the popularization and practical application of rice controlling irrigation technology．

Taking the East-foot Of Ningxia Helan Mountain as a target area，and the drip irrigation for wine grape as the research abject，the soil moisture dynamics in the root soil layer，changes of the wine grape Water onsumption rule and the influence of water on the yield and quality and Water production efficiency are analyzad under different water treatments. Moreover，based on multi-factors consideration，a reasonable dripirrigation regime for wine grape is put forward.The result show that: in the different growth period，the soil water content decreased with the soil depth，and soil water content was the highest during the growing period.The water consumption showed a small Stage in early fruiting period and the germination period，The large in fruit expansion period and the color of the mature stage of the“open parabolic”distribution，fruit expansion period was the peak of water consumption，the average daily water consumption is 2.26~4.48mm/d.Under the treatment of 3600m3/hm2，The content of soluble solids, total acid and other contents of the wine grape was superior，and the quality was good，and the yield and water production efficiency was the highest.④an drip irrigation scheduling for wine grape is proposed，which is irrigation quota of 3600m3/hm2，irrigation time of 13 times，with three times at budding stage，one time at the flowering period，two times in the early stage of fruit，four times at expansion period，three times at the color maturity.

In order to explore appropriate drip irrigation quota of lycium in central arid Ningxia，the field experiment is conducted to study the effects of different drip irrigation quota on lycium barbarum physiology characteristics，water use efficiency and yield in the demonstration base of Xia Maguan Town，TongXin county． The results show that: when the irrigation quota is 2 160 m3 /hm2 ，the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of lyceum under drip irrigation reach the maximum; meanwhile，the intracellular CO2 concentration reaches the minimum of 230．55 μmol /mol; when the irrigation quota is 1 890 m3 /hm2 ，the photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate are the second highest， which indicates that with the increase of irrigation amount，the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of lycium increase，but the intercellular CO2 concentration decreases; the leaf water use efficiency ( LWUE) reaches the maximum at about 12 ∶ 00 am，the LWUE of W4 treatment is the highest and that of W2 is the smallest; when irrigation quota is 1 620 m3 /hm2 and 1 350 m3 /hm2 ，the output reaches the maximum and the minimum of 9 923．4 kg /hm2 and 7 792．2 kg /hm2 ，respectively; when the irrigation amount increases in a certain range， yield can rise，but when the irrigation amount is beyond 1 620 m3 /hm2 ，the output is not positive correlation with irrigation quota．

Aiming at the problem of water shortage and water waste，this study set four irrigation and two irrigation frequency treatments and the four irrigation treatments are adjusted according to the growth stage． The experiment is completely randomly designed to study the effects of different irrigation amount and irrigation frequency on tomato plant growth，fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters． The results show that the changes of tomato plant height，stem diameter，photosynthetic parameters and fluorescence parameters，including Fo，Fm，Fv，all increase with the increase of irrigation amount; the plant height，stem diameter and chlorophyll also increase with the increase of frequency; the NPQ of the L1P1 treatment at seedling stage is significantly higher than that of the L2P2 treatment by 17．6%; the fluorescence parameters of Fv /Fm at seedling stage and flowering stage firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of irrigation amount，and there is no decline trend after the rise of the full fruit period; at the flowering and fruit development stage，the fluorescence parameters of Fv /Fm of L3P2 are 6．2% higher than that of L2P2; qp and ETＲ increase at first and then decrease with the increase of irrigation amount at the flowering and fruiting stage． Based on the membership function，from the comprehensive analysis of the indexes，it is proposed that: the irrigation amount should be controlled at 100 mL per plant per day for seedling stage to flowering and fruit development stage，200 mL per plant per day for flowering fruit setting period to early fruiting period，450 mL per plant per day for full fruit period to harvest period，and the irrigation frequency of 2 times per day can promote the growth of tomato．

Aiming at the maize premature phenomenon due to the ordinary agricultural white film mulching in Hetao Irrigation District，three treatments，including black film mulch，white film mulch and non film mulch are set to compare the effects of different color film mulching treatments on soil moisture-heat，yield and water use efficiency． The results show that compared to white film mulch，the black film mulch can significantly reduce the soil temperature of 0～ 15 cm depth layer by 0．77 ℃ ( P＜0．05，and the difference is more obvious for the highest temperature period in a day，so the high temperature harm to maize is reduced，which is conducive to the normal growth and development of maize; there is no significant difference for soil moisture content of 0～ 100 cm depth layer between black film mulch and white film mulch ( P ＞0．05) ，both have better water retention effect; but the soil moisture content of 0 ～ 60 cm depth layer is significantly or very significantly higher than that of non film mulch( P＜0．05 or P＜0．01) ． For black film mulch，maize yield and 100 grain weight are increased by 6．46% and 9．86%，5．99% and 25．60%，water use efficiency is increased by 4．76% and 34．24% when comparing with white film mulch and non film mulch． Therefore，black plastic mulch farming measures is suitable for application in Hetao Irrigation District．

For the current domestic and abroad habit of the moisture sensor arrangement and the desire to reduce the use of the sensors，this paper studied the vertical buried position of the soil moisture sensor in vegetable greenhouse． Taking the tomato greenhouse in Sucheng district of Suqian City，Jiangsu province as an example，the Hydrus-1D model software is used to simulate the water movement in root layer range． The start time of the simulation is one day after irrigation，and the time length is 15 days． 3 simulations，including seeding stage，flowering ＆ fruit set stage and fruit picking stage，are conducted． Based on the simulation results，the main root zone is equally divided into 10 layers． Through significance tests and error analysis between soil moisture of layers and the average soil moisture of the main root zone，it is discovered that the soil moisture in 10～ 16 cm depth is close to that of the main zone layer，so the ranges of 10～ 16 cm depth is the best place for single soil moisture sensor in vegetable greenhouse．

In order to study the crop water requirement change rule of Yellow Ｒiver downstream irrigation district，this paper adopts Penman formula to analyze the water requirement change of the main reference crop with the LiuYuan irrigation area as an example． The water-saving irrigation mode is also discussed through the combination of the change characteristic of the Yellow Ｒiver flow and sediment concentration． The results show that: the ET0 value of LiuYuan Irrigation District is in a stable situation in recent years and declines slightly on the whole; the ET0 values of main crops are affected by the growing season and the reproductive cycle; the water demand of the whole growth period from large to small is arranged as cotton，wheat and corn． It is proposed to combine with the distribution of Yellow Ｒiver flow and sediment，to encourage the irrigation mode of timely using Yellow Ｒiver water and the well water，and to make full use of the limited water resources．

Straight tube root irrigation technology is a new type of water-saving irrigation technology． It combines the advantages of surface drip irrigation and subsurface infiltration irrigation，can directly irrigation water to a certain depth of soil layer and reach the purpose of direct irrigation to plant root layer． It can effectively reduce the surface soil moisture evaporation loss and improve the efficiency of irrigation and the effective utilization rate of irrigation water． The past subsurface infiltration irrigation technology has a good effect of irrigation and restrain the evaporation loss of surface soil，but is easy to be blocked and has the shortcoming of difficult maintenance，which limits the development of subsurface infiltration irrigation technology． Surface drip irrigation technology is mature，but its surface soil water evaporation loss affects the water use efficiency of drip irrigation and irrigation efficiency． In order to combine the advantages of drip irrigation and infiltration irrigation， overcome the disadvantages of drip irrigation and subsurface irrigation，the straight tube root irrigation technology is developed． So the surface drip irrigation water can be directly guided to a certain depth of soil layer to realize the span soil layer irrigation and get good irrigation effects． Also，the root irrigation products are easy to install and maintain

In view of the problems of high sediment concentration of Yellow Ｒiver and the emitters being easy to be blocked，the research on the sediment characteristics in Ningxia section of the Yellow Ｒiver，the matched desilting facilities for efficient water-saving irrigation engineering，the water quality purification of the storage pond and using composite filters to remove silt and purify water，is conducted in this paper． On the basis of the monitoring data of the operating effects of large project，different reservoir scale，precipitation time for Yellow Ｒiver water in the storage pond and the water quality purification effect of composite filters are put forward． Moreover，combining with the characteristics of Yellow Ｒiver irrigation districts in Ningxia，the water quality purification treatment process for micro-irrigation is recommend as from the channel，pre-sedimentation pond，storage pond，forebay of pumping station，pump station，the head grit filter with laminated filter or screen filter with laminated filter，water distribution pipe network，to irrigation emitter，which can provide technical support for efficient water -saving irrigation project construction in Ningxia

The micro irrigation control system based on wireless sensor network is applied in a peach orchard． The solar charger plate with proper power is selected to charge the lithium battery in the sensor and the routing notes in order to prolong the notes life and enable the note to stably collect data，pass command and control the working state of water pump and solenoid valve． When the notes are wakened 48 times a day and work 20 seconds after every wake，they can work for 70 days without charging． After connecting to the solar panel，the power charged rate will be faster than the consumption rate，which ensures longer life of the notes． The test in the peach orchard proves that: the sensors and the notes which pass the most data package consume the most energy; the voltage decline in a single day is 0．35% when they are not charged; the battery voltage only performs a slight volatility around the nominal voltage after connecting to the solar panel． When the humidity of the test soil is randomly changed，the system can automatically control the work state of the water pump and solenoid valve according to the set range of humidity，so can enable an appropriate irrigation.

In order to meet the requirements of the solar greenhouse in north China，including small cultivated area，environmental variation and cultivation management，a small integrated water and fertilizer irrigation machine based on fertilizer pump is proposed for soilless cultivation． Firstly，an optimal structure of fertigation machine is built by means of arrangement of three fertilizer pumps，structure study of the three parallel branches and the mixing fertilizer device，the water and fertilizer is mixed for twice times and the efficiency of mixing is significantly improved while the time is reduced． Then the model of the relationship between two kinds of mother solutions/acid and the EC/pH values is built by Shanqi formula as concentrated solution． The results show that: compared with the measured values，the mean and maximum relative errors of EC values calculated by the model are 2% and 4．2%，respectively，and the mean and maximum relative errors of the pH values are 3% and 4．7%，respectively． The results indicate that the structure of the fertigation is rational to control the nutrient solution accurately and can supply a foundation for the standard management of vegetable cultivation in solar greenhouse

The rainwater infiltration storage projects mainly are rainwater collection and utilization or rainwater infiltration model． The construction content mainly includes the rainwater collection project，rain tank engineering，rain water treatment engineering，rainwater infiltration，etc． According to the practice of the rainwater utilization engineering in Hebei province，the technical standard for rainwater infiltration storage projects is scientific summarized in this paper，and the comprehensive configuration mode of rainwater utilization measures in typical regional and the effect are also studied． According to the different underlying surface conditions，the typical area，in which comprehensive management has already been conducted，has obtained considerable ecological benefits and the regional ecological environment has effectively been improved．

In this paper，the water quality of inlet，middle and outlet in flood and non-flood period of Shifosi Constructed Wetland in the six years( 2009－2014) are evaluated based on the two methods of BP neural network model and Bayesian Method with Entropy Based-Weight． Through comparison，it is found that the water quality evaluation results by the two methods are basically the same and all can be used for water quality evaluation，while Bayesian Method with Entropy Based-Weight is more simple and convenient． The evaluation results show that the export water quality is basically better than inlet water quality，the Shifosi wetland water purification effect is good; the export water quality of wetland in non-flood season is worse than that in flood season; the export water quality level can reaches Ⅱ or Ⅲ，the water quality of Shifosi Constructed Wetland is good，so there is no water obstacle． 

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) play an important role in the Biochemical cycle of N element. AOB has closely related to greenhouse gas emissions, soil quality. So,it’s necessary to research the diversity and composition of soil AOB and get some soil quality monitoring. This study has designed eight fertilization treatments,including control without fertilizers (CK), conventional fertilization (CF 300 N/kg·hm-2) and cattle Fertilizer irrigation treatments in six fertilizer levels (T1 105N/kg·hm-2, T2 210 N/kg·hm-2,T3 315N/kg·hm-2,T4 420 N/kg·hm-2,T5 317 N/kg·hm-2,T6 126N/kg·hm-2),through the way of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of amoA gene (encoding ammonia monooxygenase). The result of experiment showed that In two different soil layer, the soil under the T1 treatment of ammonia oxidizing bacteria Shannon Wiener index (H) and Pielou index (E) are the highest, T4 was lowest, treatment and the diversity index of 0-20 cm than 20-40 cm layer of high diversity index. T1 treatment is advantageous to the AOB community diversity and evenness, T4 processing does not favor the AOB community diversity and richness. AmoA gene based phylogenetic tree showed that 0-20 cm soil layer in the AOB mainly belong to Nitrosospira and Nitrosomanas, 20-40 cm layer of the AOB is all belong to the Nitrosospira,that’s mean community relation between different layers are different.