In order to study the response mechanism of interflow to soybean roots and plough pan for black soil slope farmland under the influence of rainfall，an experimental design is used to determine the physical characteristics of soil with and without plough pan and soybean root system，the migration of soil moisture during rainfall and the root morphology of soybean during the grain filling stage． The results show that when the rainfall intensity is less than 16．8 mm per hour in study area，the interflow forms at the plough pan with total soil water content more than 49．7mm． When the rainfall intensity is greater than 16．8mm per hour，assuming that soil moisture profile has the same shape when soil moisture is more than the field capacity in the upper edge of plough pan and the humid peak water is equal to the field capacity，the interflow will appear． A model is built to calculate interflow time and field experiments are carried out to verify the applicability of this model． The interflow appearance times for bare soil and soil covered with soybean under plough pan and soybean root influence conditions are simulated by the model，the relative errors are 6．6% and 0．4%，suggesting that the model is suitable for the interflow appearance time prediction under the conditions of plough pan and soybean roots influence for slope farmland on black soil region． It also illustrates the rationality of the above assumptions．

Abstract: In order to better understand the regulation mechanism of gas exchange and water use in maize by water deficit, leaf water potential, gas exchange, xylem sap and leaf ABA concentration during progressive soil drying were measured, and also physiological regulation of stomatal aperture and water use efficiency by chemical signal ABA and leaf water potential was analyzed in this study. The results showed that, with the increase of root-sourced ABA which transported by xylem sap, leaf ABA increased significantly and induced stomatal closure effectively prior to any change in leaf water status after 2 days of water deficit. In this phase, ABA-induced stomatal closure significantly reduced transpiration but have less impacts on photosynthesis, which caused the increase of water use efficiency compared with controls. However, accompanied by continued soil drying, leaf water potential?was decreased significantly after 5 days of water deficit treatment. Ultimately, leaf photosynthesis and transpiration rate was decreased rapidly under combined action of the increase in ABA and the decrease in leaf water potential, and water use efficiency in maize showed a trend of decrease. Regression analysis showed that water use efficiency in maize was correlated with leaf ABA concentration (R2=0.470，P＜0.05) but not leaf water potential during the experiment. It is indicated that chemical signal ABA play an important role in improving water use efficiency of maize. This study indicated the theoretical basis of deficit irrigation, and provided a biological basis for using chemical signal ABA increase crop water use efficiency.

Abstract: The uniformity of water distribution uniformity is an important factor to influence the quality of micro irrigation, and the main parameters of controlling the uniformity of micro spraying belt are the working pressure. In this paper, a mechanical drilling, the common inner diameter is 32mm and 28mm micro sprinklinghose as the research object, through the analysis of pressure regulation, pressure on the micro spray with the effects of spraying uniformity, the vertical direction and the micro spray with water distribution holes on the direction by spraying pressure uniformity optimization the value of the. The results show that the vertical micro sprinklinghose direction, Phi 32 Phi 28 micro sprinklinghose spray tape in 0.023MPa water pressure distribution is the best. Along the direction of micro jet, the pressure is gradually decreased, the distribution of water depends on the pressure of the whole micro jet with good spray uniformity condition is to make pressure maintained at the optimal value near the pressure uniformity.

Pressure head was a crucial factor of moistube-irrigation． In order to study the effects of moistube-irrigation on the growth of green pepper and soil water condition，six field experimental treatments with three different pressure heads and two different buried depths were designed，and green peppers plant height，yield ，irrigation water use efficiency and the change of root zone soil moisture were studied under different pressure head． The results showed that the pressure head of 150 cm was the most suitable for the growth and development of green pepper; under different pressure head，the plant growth curve of green pepper along with the change of engraftment time can be fitted by using Logistic function and the fitting effect is good; when the pressure head is at 100 cm，the green pepper irrigation water utilization is the highest．

In order to investigate soil geometric characteristic, complexity of network and self similarity regularity in drying-wetting cycle process, laboratory tests were carried out to research the propagation and the closure law under multiple drying-wetting cycles, using the technology of digital image processing and Matlab measurement function, analysed soil crack network geometric and fractal characteristics in the different moisture content. The results show that under the effect of drying-wetting process, the crack area rate and meanwidth decreases when soil crack stability, the effect of drying-wetting circulation on the crack decreases with the increase of the cycle frequency; the crack skeleton length under steady state is almost not affected, and in the development process of the crack length is area ratio, average width it reached a steady state in advance, that crack width growth mainly in the late development stage; the increase of the connectivity of fracture network, for the third time after drying-wetting cycles tend to be stable. The fractal characteristics of crack network for the first time in the drying process curve is more smooth than by the effect of drying-wetting, after wetting-drying cycles, the moisture content of the crack network is formed in advance, and the fractal dimension of the crack network in the steady state increases with the increase of the frequency of wetting-drying cycles.

With the loess plateau soil as the research object，the 0～ 20 cm soil bulk density under the permeable plastic film mulching，ordinary plastic mulching and bare land are measured． The change characteristics of surface density of bare land and different laminating loess during maize growth period are analyzed． The results show that: during the maize growth period，different mulching soil on the surface presents a trend of gradual increase in bulk by 12．39% ～ 18．58%; the order of bulk density of surface soil from large to small is bare land，ordinary plastic mulching，permeable plastic film mulching． Compared with the planting time，the variation of the surface soil bulk density under three kinds of treatment at harvest time from large to small is bare land，ordinary plastic mulching，permeable plastic film mulching． This indicates that plastic mulching can reduce soil bulk density，the reduce effect of the permeable plastic film mulching is more obvious than that of the ordinary plastic mulching． The results better reveal the change characteristic of the surface soil bulk density under different mulch during the maize growth period and can provide theoretical basis for predicting hydraulics parameters and the management system of the farmland

Aiming at the questions of head loss and high cost of filters, we have proposed pool of filtering and washing under Micro-pressure (PFWMP). This paper has researched the sewage treatment capacity of PFWMP in time-washing and continue-washing, the results show that: when the range of sediment concentration is 3.1 ~ 3.6 kg / m3, the sediment removal rate of the PFWMP is over 81%. The stage efficiency is 100% when the sediment particle size is from 0.15 to 0.1mm. The median diameter D50 both can turn around the 0.23mm to about 0.058mm. The D98 both are converting the 0.97mm to about 0.13mm. Explaining that the Sewages Treatment Capacity of PFWMP in two blowdown modes are identical. But the filtration time of time-washing of PFWMP is 420 minute, while continue-washing is 1470 minute. And analysizing that the reason of filtration time of continue-washing is longer than time-washing, putting forward to suggestions of applying in practical engineering.

A pot experiment was conducted in the whole period of three different low irrigation limits to study the correlation of the cumulant of proline ( Pro) and malondialdehyde( MDA) with the relative soil water content to explore the effect of water stress． The results showed that Proand MDA were influenced by water stress apparently，Pro and MDA cumulant and their average value increased with the worse of water stress; in different period，the order of Pro cumulant average value from large to small is grouting tassiling stage，mature stage，jointing stage， the order of MDA cumulant average value from large to small is jointing stage，grouting tassiling stage，mature stage; the cumulants of Proand MDA were interrelated; the full play of the osmotic adjustment effect of Pro is beneficial to decrease the cumulant of MDA．

Ｒegulated Deficit irrigation is an effective water-saving irrigation method，which is of great significance to ease agricultural water use stress and to improve agricultural water use efficiency． It＇s difficult to directly evaluate the quality of an irrigation system． On the basis of soybean pot experiment，photosynthesis rate ( the sum of each growth stage) ，yield，water using efficiency and water consumption are selected as four representative index． Gray correlation projection model for comprehensive evaluation of controlling irrigation regime is adopted． The rank of each index on the comprehensive evaluation of the rate is obtained by gray relation projection values( Di ) ．The results show that: when irrigation amount is70% of field capacity in seeding stage and branching stage，80% in flowering stage，and 80% in simulating stage，it is the most favorable for the growth of soybean in black soil area．

In view of how to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of various irrigation ways，an evaluation model is put forward． Based on the traditional grey average correlation degree and combined with HAP to determine the weight of each evaluation index，the weighted grey relational comprehensive evaluation model is established． The model has the character of order，and the evaluation result is more reasonable． First，the different irrigation ways is evaluated from three aspects of yield，water consumption and water use efficiency． Then，the evaluation results of yield，water consumption and water use efficiency are used as the evaluation indexes to evaluate by grey correlation evaluation again． The evaluation results show that: in terms of yield evaluation results，the grey correlation degree of the 80% controlling moisture limit of wide ridge cultivation is the biggest; in terms of water consumption evaluation results，the grey correlation degree of the 60% controlling moisture limit of wide ridge cultivation is the biggest; in terms of water use efficiency evaluation results，the grey correlation degree of the 70% controlling moisture limit of wide ridge cultivation is the biggest． The final evaluation shows that the grey correlation degree of the 70% controlling moisture limit of wide ridge cultivation is the biggest among 6 different irrigation methods． The biggest grey correlation degree is 0．613 and the best way of irrigation is the 70% controlling moisture limit of wide ridge cultivation

In order to explore the rules of water-salt transportation in soil，distribution characteristic，the profit or loss of salinity in root district，and the effects of drop irrigation and micro-spray irrigation with saline water on winter jujube yield，a saline water irrigation test was conducted in Zhanhua district． The results showed that: after a growth cycle of winter jujube，saline water drop irrigation could increase the water content of surface soil by 2．6%，decrease the total salt of surface soil by 0．815 g /kg; saline water micro-spray irrigation can increase the water content of surface soil by 0．7%，decrease the soil total salt of surface soil by 0．648 g /kg; in terms of the winter jujube yield，the edible rate，the water content，sweetness are almost the same under the two irrigation modes． Compared with saline water micro-spray irrigation，saline water drop irrigation not only can ensure the winter jujube yield，but also has a better effect on holding the water content of soil and decreasing the soil salinization． It＇s more suitable for winter jujube planting in Zhanhua district

Taking Harbin as an example，this paper calculated the complexity characteristic of 6 years ( 2008－2013) daily groundwater depth series in 10 counties，and analyzed the effects of underlying surface conditions on hydrological system of groundwater based on the permutation entropy ( PE) ． The results showed that the complicities of regional groundwater depth series in Bayan，Binxian，Yilan were at the I level，illustrating that the groundwater depth was difficult to predict． In urban district，Fangzheng，Shangzhi，Tonghe，Yanshou，the complicities were at the II level，indicating that the difficulty of groundwater depth series prediction was medium． The complicities of regional groundwater depth series in Mulan and Wuchang were at the III level，showing that the prediction in the two regions was easy． By analyzing the correlations between the proportions of mountain area，the proportion of water area and groundwater depth series，it can be concluded that both of them have an important influence on hydrological system of groundwater． The research result revealed the spatial distribution characteristics of the complexity of regional groundwater depth，identified the potential influencing factors，and could provide a novel idea for research of complexity measuring in hydrological system． 

Exploring the mineral nitrogen content，the distribution characteristics in the winter wheat field soil and its impact on groundwater environment under the condition of conventional irrigation and fertilization has important significance to control fertilizer use and protect groundwater environment． A winter wheat field in Baizhuang village was chosen to conduct irrigation and fertilization experiment． The groundwater level and quality were observed in the same time． The results showed that: the soil moisture contents change showed“S”shape in the 0～ 100 cm depth soil layer during wheat growth period; the soil moisture contents were high and stable in the soil layer below 100 cm; the contents of ammonia nitrogen in the field profiles was influenced by fertilizer; below topsoil，ammonia nitrogen changed smoothly in the wheat growth season; nitrate nitrogen content decreased gradually in 0～ 200 cm soil profile during the wheat growth period; the nitrate nitrogen content in farmland were highly affected by the fertilization，irrigation and rainfall; the nitrate nitrogen content decreased at the fifth day after irrigation，and had a certain influence on the groundwater．

The imbalance between supply and demand of water resources in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwest China is growing increasingly severe． Consequently，it is essential to study the water resources carrying capacity in the key areas timely． The research on water resources carrying capacity in these areas is summed from three aspects，namely city，district and valley; the focus is developed from local domain to systematic research on man-land relationship． Then，the research methods of water resources carrying capacity are summarized and analyzed，including simple routine method，fuzzy evaluation，principal component analysis，ecological footprint method，multiple objective decision making method and systematic dynamics method． Moreover，the relative merits and application condition are also provided． Finally， it is presented that the research on water resources carrying capacity in future will still refer the concept，theory and research methods． Ecological environment will be put more focus on and more methods and techniques will be used．

Groundwater is a main water source in arid regions． Studying its change rule and driving factors has great significance for the sustainable utilization of water resources． Based on the groundwater level monitoring data of the 147th regiment in Manas Ｒiver typical irrigation district during 1996??2010，water balance method is used to analyze the groundwater variation characteristics and the principal component analysis method is used to analyze the driving factors of groundwater level variation． The results show that: the groundwater is in a positive equilibrium state，the balance value is 2 463 220 m3 per year and the trend of the annual and monthly variation of groundwater is gradually decreasing． The influence of human factors accounted for 64% in the region，which is larger than the influence of natural factors on the variation of groundwater level，in which irrigation and exploitation are the main factors that affect the depth of groundwater in the region，and their load are 0．945 and 0．930，respectively．

Water resources are the most important resource support for regional new urbanization construction． To carry out a new type of urbanization，it is necessary to carry out research on water resources support． Three-layer evaluation index system is constructed with new type urbanization as a giant system and water resources and economic and social development as a subsystem． The evaluation of the supporting capacity of static and dynamic water resources for new urbanization can be done by using comprehensive coordination degree model as the evaluation method． The empirical analysis of Dazhou City shows that the support capacity of Dazhou water resources for the new urbanization construction and development is linear increasing year by year． But it also needs to try to keep the economic and social developing stably． The method proposed in this paper is an effective method for the study of water resources supporting capacity with reasonable selection of the corresponding evaluation index and proper model．

Aiming at the problem that the qualitative and quantitative indicators is incompatible and over-reliance on subjective judgment during evaluation process of regional water-saving irrigation comprehensive effect assessment，with the aid of dynamic extension weighting combining with the improved TOPSIS method to increase the objectivity，the regional water-saving irrigation comprehensive effect evaluation is carried out by constructing model and empirical analysis． Adjusting the position of the best point overcomes the problems of traditional extension method． Using relative-entropy instead of Euclidean distance increases the stability，accuracy and operability of the TOPSIS method． The evaluation model is established with the perennial irrigation area as a case to choose index，establish grade and input data to set sub-regional comprehensive effect evaluation． The results are accord with the actual situation and the results of similar studies

In order to quantitatively analyze the serious non-point source pollution caused by the excessive use of fertilizer in agriculture in Hebei Province. the temporal and spatial variation of growing process grey water footprint of 4 main crops including winter wheat, summer maize, vegetables, fruits in each city of hebei province were analyzed and evaluated using grey water footprint theory and evaluation method, Results show that the growing process grey water footprint of winter wheat and fruits showed a downtrend during 2005 to 2014 , summer maize growing process grey water footprint decreased during 10 years in all citys except for Qinhuangdao, Cangzhou, Langfang, Hengshui. vegetables growing process grey water footprint in all city’s decreased during 2005 to 2014 except for Hengshui’s rising 1.02%.each city’s nitrogen fertilizer per hectare did not show decreasing trend during 2005 to 2014 , so production increasing is the main cause that leads to the decline of 4 crops’ growing process grey water footprint . During ten years,Tangshan has maximum growing process grey water footprint of winter wheat（2005），which is 1.076m3/kg，Hengshui has minimum growing process grey water footprint of winter wheat（2014），which is 0.526m3/kg.Tangshan has maximum growing process grey water footprint of summer maize（2005），which is 0.727m3/kg，Zhangjiakou has minimum growing process grey water footprint of summer maize（2012），which is 0.251m3/kg. Handan has maximum growing process grey water footprint of vegetable（2005），which is 0.125m3/kg，Zhangjiakou has minimum growing process grey water footprint of vegetable（2012），which is 0.029m3/kg. Zhangjiakou has maximum growing process grey water footprint of fruits（2005），which is 1.24m3/kg，Henshui has minimum growing process grey water footprint of fruits（2014），which is 0.298m3/kg. Finally, the solution measures to reduce the nitrogen application rate and the growing process grey water footprint of crop were proposed from technology and policy two perspectives.

Ｒeference crop evapotranspiration was a key factor to estimate crop water requirement and determine agricultural production and farming irrigation． An estimation method of evapotranspiration based on the Hargreaves formula was discussed in the paper with daily meteorological data of 11 national meteorology sites from 1991 to 2010 in Sichuan province． The evapotranspiration rate calculated by the Hargreaves formula was calibrated to the rate calculated by the Penman-Monteith formula which was regarded as the standard calculation． The correction parameters of Hargreaves formula was gained and verified by discussing the relative errors of the corrected Hargreaves formula． ArcGIS was used to investigate the spatial distribution of reference crop evapotranspiration and correction parameters． The results showed that the relative errors of estimation of evapotranspiration were reduced effectively by the correction parameters a and b． Based on the calculation，the evapotranspiration rate decreased gradually from west to east in Sichuan． It was concluded that the corrected Hargreaves formula reflected the actual reference crop evapotranspiration appropriately，providing the theoretical guidance for crop water demand，water resources management and irrigation．

An intelligent water saving irrigation system based on UWP technology was designed and developed in order to solve the problems， such as excessive irrigation and wasting water resources，existing in the irrigation technology． This system combines with wireless sensor network technology to realize real time proper irrigation according to soil moisture． It can be implemented to run on various platforms． The system is composed of the modules of information management，irrigation district module，historical data and video monitoring and can reflect realtime parameters of soil nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium，and soil moisture． The system has the interfaces of parameter setting，the main parameters of display and video surveillance． It has the advantages of convenient and flexible operation，easy to expand and upgrade，low cost，energy saving and so on．

In this paper，a soil moisture content measurement technique based on Monte Carlo method and the digital image processing technology is proposed． The camera gathers soil picture，the picture is digital processed and the soil image characteristic parameter of average gray -values is extracted，then the mathematical model for the relation between soil moisture content measurement value and soil image gray-values is established． The experiment and simulation results indicate that using Monte Carlo method can reduce the nonlinear measurement model analysis and the calculation of some additional first-order or higher-order sensitivity coefficient． When enough Monte Carlo experiments are used，the best estimate of soil moisture content measurement value can be obtained，which makes the error between the soil moisture content measurement value and the real soil moisture content value very small． The study provides technical reference for the soil moisture content measurement．

During the intelligent drip irrigation control system design process，in order to make the drip irrigation effect better and a higher degree of meeting the water requirements of crops，considering the imbalance of greenhouse soil moisture and the characteristic of difficult to establish accurate mathematical model，this paper adopts the fuzzy control to realize the effective control soil moisture to save water resources and promote the growth of crops