In order to study the effects of different moistube spacing of alternate micro-irrigation on the growth of water spinach，three kinds of process were set，including conventional irrigation and two different space of moistube with 20 cm (S1) and 30 cm (S2)，each process was repeated three times，to analyze the change trend of soil moisture content，plant height，fresh weight，dry matter accumulation，output and water use efficiency under different processes． The results showed that irrigation water could be reduced by about 21%，the soil moisture content was higher than that of conventional quantitative irrigation，and water use efficiency was 4．88 times and 4．34 times of that of the conventional quantitative irrigation，respectively，under the condition of alternate micro-irrigation; the growth and yield of water spinach were better than that of conventional irrigation，the production was 3．87 times and 3．44 times of that of the conventional quantitative irrigation， respectively; When the moistube space was 20 cm，the water spinach growth and yield were higher than that of 30 cm treatment．

Venturi injector is a common fertilization device． The flow channel structure is the key factor to improve the fertilization performance． In this paper，the hydraulics performance of three kinds of throat structure for Venturi injector，including conical type (C)， cylindrical type (T)，elliptic type (E)，and 14 kinds of samples are test and analyzed． The results show that: with the increase of the inlet flowing rate，the fertilization efficiency has a descending trend; with the increase of inlet diameter of throat，the descending trend of fertilization efficiency becomes slow gradually; the smaller the diameter of throat，the more rapidly the fertilization efficiency decreases with the increase of the flowing rate; Under the same inlet flow rate，with the increase of λ value，the fertilization efficiency of throat increases first and then decreases．; the calculated value of fertilization efficiency of throat is the largest when λ equals 1．27． Under the same inlet flow rate，the fertilizer absorption ability of T type throat is better than that of C and E type，but the energy loss is large．

With Longjing31 and Kongyu131 as experimental material，the effects of fertilizer and water coupling on panicle characters and yield of upland rice under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching in cold region were studied by using random experiment design． The results indicated that: Volume moisture content reduced by 80 percent of that of saturation moisture content as water control lower limit was carried out in drip irrigation with plastic mulching，the panicle length and panicle weight of two varieties were relatively long and heavy; The effect of two fertilizer treatments types on panicle length panicle weight and primary rachis-branches of two varieties were not significant under drip irrigation with plastic mulching; The effect of two water treatments types on primary rachis-branches and second rachis-branches of two varieties were not significant under drip irrigation with plastic mulching; Conventional fertilizer application was carried out under drip irrigation with plastic mulching，and Kongyu131 had more second rachis-branches; The yield of the treatment with the volume moisture content decreasing to the 80 percent of saturation moisture content as the water control lower limit was higher than that of the treatment with the volume moisture content decreasing to 60 percent of saturation moisture content as the water control lower limit; The treatments with the volume moisture content decreasing to 60 percent of saturation moisture content as water control lower limit and tillering and growing panicle fertilizer decreasing to 80 percent of that of CK were carried out under drip irrigation with plastic mulching，and the economical yield of two varieties all were lowest; The yields of the two varieties under drip irrigation with plastic mulching were lower than that of CK． The treatment with the volume moisture content decreasing to 80 percent of saturation moisture content as water control lower limit and applying fertilizer for tillering and growing panicle at the same amount with CK ( S2F2) was best for Kongyu131 in drip irrigation with plastic mulching; The treatment with volume moisture content decreasing to 80 percent of saturation moisture content as water control lower limit and tillering and growing panicle fertilizer decreasing to 80 percent of that of CK (S2F1) was best for Longjing31 in drip irrigation with plastic mulching．

In order to discuss how the depth of water-course in the period of seedling establishment effects on physiological index and yields of rice of saline-alkali land area in northern Ningxia. In the root of rice, respectively set up 20mm, 35mm, 50mm to control irrigation in three different water layer. By analyzing the salinity, growth indicators and the influence of yield and irrigation water productivity of the soil in rice’s root zone with field contrast test, we were found the results that the effect of desalting is most obviously when water layer depth is 50mm. Depth of 35mm seedling rate was 95%, the yields is 7200 kg/hm2, irrigation water productivity of 0.51kg/m3, this three indicators are the highest in total test. Therefore, during the period of seedling establishment , 35mm is more advantageous to the growth of saline-alkali land north rice in northern of Ningxia.

In order to to investigate the anti-salinization mechanism of high frequency drip irrigation，the experiments about soil water and salt dynamic under drip irrigation with different irrigational frequency were conducted in soil tanks． In these experiments，4 irrigational frequencies，which was denoted with IF1，IF2，IF3 and IF4，were set with the same irrigation quantity of 10 L，the corresponding single drip irrigation quantity was 2，3．33，5 and 10 L，and the irrigation intervals was 1，2，3 and 4 days，respectively． The effects of the single drip water quantity and the drip intervals on the soil salt transferring and desalting efficiency were observed in these experiments． The results showed that: under the high frequency drip irrigation，the soil salinity immediately transferred to deep soil after watering，but it would not move to the top soil immediately under evaporation，as the result，the top soil was always in desalination and the deep soil in salification; with the identical total drip water quantity，the greater single drip water quantity would result in deeper leaching of soil salt and favorable efficiency of anti -salinization; under the absence of groundwater recharge，the evaporation of soil solution was limited during the drip intervals; when the drip interval was small ( less than 2 days)，the soil salinity continued to transfer to the deep soil; only when the drip interval was larger (more than 2 days)，the soil salt would move in fluctuate along soil depth，which brought the depth of salt accumulation decreasing．

Through laboratory test，the subsurface drip irrigation experiments were conducted with the three common-used types of drip irrigation belt (pipe)，including single wing labyrinth drip irrigation belt，the chip drip irrigation belt and the mosaic column emitter type drip irrigation pipe，on the typical soil clay loam，loam and sandy loam in Inner Mongolia． As the results，the basic rules of moisture movement and the applicability of the irrigation belt ( tube) with different flow and type in different soil type were obtained，which would provide the reference for the selection of drip irrigation belt．

In this paper，the effects of different irrigation treatments and different planting patterns ( film and non - film) on the yield and quality of Lycium barbarum were studied through drip irrigation experiment． The research result indicates that: ①The content of total sugar， betaine and carotene in Lycium barbarum L． is the highest when the irrigation quota is 1 620 m3 /hm2 ． ② For different stages，the content of total sugar in Lycium barbarum L． shows the change rule of first increase and then decrease，the content of betaine shows the change rule of decrease first and then increase，and the content of carotene shows the change rule of gradually increase． ③When the irrigation quota is 1 620 m3 /hm2 ，the yield of Lycium barbarum is the highest． The highest yield of film-covered Lycium barbarum is 10 400．7 kg /hm2 ，and the highest yield of uncovered Lycium barbarum is 9 923．40 kg /hm2 ，the former is 4．81% higher than the latter． When the irrigation quota is less than or equal to 1 620 m3 /hm2 ，the output of Lycium barbarum increases with the increase of irrigation quota． When the irrigation quota is more than 1 620 m3 /hm2 ，the output of Lycium barbarum decreased with the increase of irrigation quota． Film-covered drip irrigation is beneficial to keep the soil moisture and save water resources effectively． The irrigation quota of 1 620 m3 /hm2 is suitable for extensive water efficient production in arid area of central Ningxia．

In order to study the effect of irrigation with different salinity brackish water on characters and yield of winter wheat，5 treatments with different brackish water salinity of 1 to 5 g /L and fresh water ( CK) are set． The brackish-water irrigation experiment is controlled through the water consumption rule of winter wheat． The research results show that: different salt concentration brackish water all affect the agronomic traits of winter wheat; on the overall，the plant height and leaf area of wheat decreases with the increase of brackish water salinity， and the treatments with 4 and 5 g /L of brackish water irrigation has the more significant effect，the plant height decreases by 17．68% and 23．84%，and the leaf area decreases by 29． 12% and 36． 31%，respectively; with the increase of brackish water salinity，the water consumption intensity presents a weakening trend，but under 1 and 2 g /L salt stress，the osmotic potential of the soil increases，the absorption of crop root system for soil moisture is promoted，and the dry matter moves to the grain under certain salt stress，thus the yield of wheat is improved． During the winter wheat irrigation process with 3 ～ 5 g /L of brackish water salinity，soil salt accumulation phenomenon appears in the main root layer，while with summer corn plantation，leaching salt with fresh water，the soil salinity decreases obviously，and the effect on winter wheat planting is little．

Ｒegulated deficit irrigation (ＲDI) is an irrigation technique that relies on precise knowledge of the phonology of vegetative and reproductive development for effective implementation． The study was carried out at Pingyuan-Meizhou，Guangdong，in the growing season from 2014 to 2016，to determine the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on plant growth and yield components of oranges． The experimental design was Complete Ｒandomized Block Design (CＲBD) with sufficient water supply ( 75% FC) during the whole growing stages (B1)， mild，moderate and severe water deficits (55%FC，45%FC and 35%FC) at fruit growth stage(B2，B5，B8)，fruit coloring stage(B3，B6，B9) and fruit maturity stage(B4，B7，B10)，with three replications，by testing the change rule in the diameter of the oranges，the weight of single orange，Vitamin C and the sugar content． The average results from the three years study indicate that: the fruit growth stage is sensitivity to water content; compared with the control，under 55%FC will not lead to the decrease of yield and quality，it will，on the contrary，can obviously improve the fruit yield and quality; but under 35% FC will lead to the yield decreased significantly; in the fruit coloring and maturity stage，under 45%FC，the content of VC and sugar increase to different degrees; the cause of these results are that the severe water deficit lead to the decrease of the diameter and the weight of orange，and conversely，the concentration of sugar and VC are increased significantly． The analysis and experimental results in this paper demonstrate that the sensitivity of water in different growth stages of orange trees varied with different degrees; 55% FC at fruit growth stage，45% FC at fruit coloring stage and 75% FC at fruit maturity stage can improve the quality of navel oranges and obtain better orange quality． The results are meaningful to guide the irrigation management of navel orange trees． Therefore，in the process of agricultural production，combining with actual needs and managing the water supply according to different growth stages can improve the quality and growth of navel orange．

In order to study the effects of brackish water irrigation on the growth of maize，the experiment of brackish water irrigation with different salinity (1．75，3，4，5 g /L) in four maize growth periods (seedling period，jointing period，heading period and filling period) is conducted． The experimental results show that the plant height of maize increases with time，and the variation function between plant height and time accords with Logistic function． In the same growth period，the higher the salinity of irrigation water，the lower the plant height; with the increase of the days after sowing，the leaf area of maize increases first and decrease later． Negative exponential function can be used to describe the ration between leaf area and time． In the same growth period，the higher the salinity of irrigation water，the smaller the maximum leaf area of maize; also，the higher the salinity，the lower the dry weight and yield． In each growth period，the relation between the salinity of brackish water and maize yield is linear． And the order from large to small of the influence of the brackish water irrigation on maize yield in different growth periods is as follows: jointing period，seedling period，heading period，filling period; in seedling period and jointing period，irrigation water with low salinity is suitable，but in heading period and filling period，irrigation water with high salinity is needed．

With the test data of soil infiltration in field native saline wasteland as sample，using the regression algorithm of the support vector machine，the prediction model was established among the soil moisture content，bulk density，organic matter content，clay content，silt content，soluble，pH and the Philip infiltration parameters under the condition of saline． The prediction results showed that the average relative error of the sorptivity was 4．05%，the steady infiltration rate was 5．49%，and the ninety minutes cumulative infiltration amount was 4． 28% under the training samples; the average relative error of the sorptivity，the steady infiltration rate and the ninety minutes cumulative infiltration amount were 4．22%，3．58% and 4．48%，respectively，under the testing samples． It could be seen that both the training samples and testing samples，the predictive values of the two infiltration parameters were well-coincident with the actual values and the accuracy of the established forecast was high． It shows that the prediction model of the Philip infiltration parameters based on the SVM is feasible under the condition of saline and it can provide technical support of infiltration parameters for improving the saline soil．

The statistical analysis of 112 samples of shallow groundwater in Kashgar region in 2014 showed that the average TDS was 2．49 g / L，reached the medium salinity groundwater standards． The TDS of the shallow groundwater in the Kashgar region was positive skew distribution，and the range was wide． The Kriging interpolation of shallow groundwater TDS divisions showed that the distributions area of freshwater(≤2 g /L)，medium salinity groundwater(2～ 7 g /L) and high salinity groundwater( ＞7 g /L) in Kashgar region were 12 209．5， 29 315．9 and 873．5 km2 ，accounting for 28．8%，69．1% and 2．1% of the total area 42 398．9 km2 ． Using GIS technology，based on the modular partitions of groundwater recharge resources results of Groundwater Ｒesources Survey and Evaluation in Xinjiang Plain Areas (2002 －2004)，united with TDS partitions，the recharge resources quantities of freshwaters，medium salinity groundwater and high salinity groundwater were calculated，which is 28． 52 × 108 ，32． 85 × 108 and 0． 42 × 108 m3 /a，accounting for 46． 1%，53． 2% and 0． 7% of total groundwater recharge 61．79×108 m3 /a． The suggestions of groundwater resources rational utilization were put forward in the end．

In order to better predict groundwater depth of Weigan and Kuqa rivers delta oasis，rationally plan and develop groundwater resources，the forecasting model of groundwater depth was established based on multivariate time series CAＲ model according to the data of annual rainfall from 1995 to 2014，the data of evaporation，water，DEM and groundwater depth and other data according to the contribution rate by using principal component analysis． The model was validated and applied to forecast the groundwater depth． The results indicate that the groundwater depth in Weigan and Kuqa rivers delta oasis is tremendously influenced by evaporation and water consumption，respectively， up to 0．533 and 0． 466; the average value of relative error between model predictive value and measured value is only 1． 483% and the multivariate time series CAＲ model is effective in prediction; The prediction schemes show that when the evaporation increases by 25%，the rainfall reduces by 15% and the water consumption reduces by 15%，and then the groundwater depth will be 4．21 m． Therefore，the research on of groundwater depth prediction in this paper can provide references for the ecological environment and agricultural development of Weigan and Kuqa rivers delta oasis．

Precipitation is a key source of recharge of groundwater systems in ecologically fragile grassland areas． The study of the response characteristics of groundwater level to precipitation factors such as precipitation intensity and precipitation frequency is of great significance to reveal the transformation rule of“four water”in grassland ecosystem． This paper takes the typical grassland of Xilinhot as the research area． Based on the M-K test，the process of long-term change of groundwater level is divided into shallow periods and deep periods． The timing evolution rule of precipitation factors，such as precipitation intensity and precipitation frequency，is analyzed by using the Poisson model and its improved model． Ｒesponse degree of groundwater level to different precipitation factors are studied quantitatively． The result shows that the groundwater level of each observation well in Xilinhot City is decreasing year by year，the groundwater depth is shallow as a whole，and the degree of response to the precipitation elements is from strong to weak，i．e．，the average daily precipitation intensity，precipitation frequency and the depth of a rainfall． The water level of the 3rd teams of the farm and the Xinkang village monitoring wells are most sensitive to the change of precipitation factors． In 2001，the regional groundwater level entered the deep-depth period，the water level decreased significantly，the increase of the depth caused the thickening of the unsaturated zone，delayed the infiltration recharge process，the groundwater level of the various precipitation factors were also weakened．

According to the water shortage and alkali- saline soil in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia, the high ridge and desalination are combined through field experiment with the goal of water saving and salt prevention, so as to explore the water and salt movement law of saline soil under high ridge and drip irrigation. The high ridge contributes to improve soil temperature and increase soil permeability, while the drip irrigation helps to improve the water utilization rate and efficiency, and desalinate local soil salt. It turns out that the salt of high ridge in moderate alkali-saline soil can be reduced effectively by drip irrigation with the salt aggregating in the middle of ridge; and drip irrigation can reduce effectively the total salt content of ridge and elute the salt in furrow. Meanwhile, the technology applicable to alkali-saline soil and corps planting patterns are generalized, providing technical support for the modification of saline-alkali soil in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia.

Water resources is one of the important factors limiting the development and utilization of cultivated land，so the scientific and reasonable evaluation of water resources condition has important significance to ensure the sustainable use of arable land，especially paddy field is of great importance． To prevent excessive exploitation and utilization of cultivated land resource，excessive consumption of water resources，this paper uses the hydrometeorological data and the cultivated land use data in 2000 to 2014，according to the water use situation of Qinglongshan farm，and uses the water balance principle to calculate the area suitable for cultivated land． The results show that in 2000－ 2014，the total scale change of Qinglongshan farm land was relatively stable，while the conversion between the dry land and paddy field was more violent，the cultivated land use type transformed with the dry land giving priority to paddy field; Under the present condition of water conservancy facilities，the suitable area of cultivated land is about 221．15～ 276．43 km2 ，while the actual scale of arable land and paddy field have been overrun by 192． 41 to 247． 69，245． 63 km2 ，respectively，which is mainly from farmland overrun paddy field． The regional cultivated land scale expansion should make full use of surface runoff and transit water to improve the utilization ratio of surface runoff water． This research can provide reference for regional agriculture sustainable development and cultivated land scale．

The prediction of groundwater level depth is the precondition and guarantee of water-saving measures application and groundwater level control． In order to solve the complicated non-linear relations between the groundwater level depth and the amount of irrigation water， discharge，evaporation，precipitation and groundwater exploitation，a BP(Back Propagation) neural network model based on improved GA (Genetic Algorithm) is presented to forecast the depth of groundwater level，and it avoids falling into the local optimal solution． In this paper，adaptive crossover probability and adaptive mutation probability are improved in the genetic algorithm，which improves the approximation capability and prediction accuracy of the neural network． Actual data from 2000 to 2013 of Jiefangzha irrigation area is selected to simulate and forecast the depth of groundwater level with different models in MATLAB，and the result shows that the BP neural network model based on improved GA has higher prediction precision and faster convergent rate．

According to the structure composition and the working principle of the self-adjustment flow of drip irrigation emitter，the fluid model for controlling flow combination，which includes the straight tooth shaped flow channel and control flow form，is established by using the AutoCAD software and the CFD software of Fluent． Then the fluid models are respectively meshed with different diaphragm opening of 0． 5mm 1．5，1．0，and 2．0 mm as the initial conditions，the pressure of water supply of 30，40 and 50 kPa and the wall surface roughness height and roughness constant as the boundary conditions． Then the inner flow field of the control body with the straight tooth shaped flow channel in two dimensional for the adaptive drip irrigation emitter is numerically simulated by using the two order upwind discretization scheme of the SIMPLE algorithm． And the velocity profile and the characteristics of the internal flow field for emitter with the straight tooth shaped flow channel are analyzed． The results show that: the independent vortex flow can form at the unit of tooth channel，and easily causes the accumulation of impurities in irrigation water，resulting in blockage． The study can provide a theoretical guidance for structure optimization， improving anti-clogging and ensuring the proper working pressure range of the self-adjustment flow of drip irrigation emitter．

In order to deepen the construction of energy-saving and emission reduction, resource-saving and environment-friendly society, we will comprehensively build a "three new" and "large-scale" Qixia "urban pattern. Based on the review of the socio-economic development and the change of water resources utilization in Qixia District of Nanjing. This paper analyzes the water efficiency of different industries in detail, and forecasts the water efficiency and planning index according to the current situation. 2020 and 2030, at 50% of the water frequency, to achieve the reduction of waste water emissions of 190.9 million m3 and 245.7 million m3 respectively. Through the Qixia District water-saving society after the implementation of the implementation plan, will produce significant economic, social and environmental benefits.