In order to find out the comprehensive benefits and planting risks of transplanting seeding cultivation and direct seeding cultivation in Heilongjiang Province, the effects of four planting modes, including transplanting, direct seeding, dry-seeding with water-saving irrigation and dry-seeding with draught irrigation, on rice yield, growth and lodging characteristics were analyzed. The comprehensive benefits were evaluated in terms of water efficiency, yield efficiency and cost savings. The results showed that from the perspective of water saving effect, the dry-seeding with draught irrigation mode was the most water-saving, with the water saving rate reaching 63.9%, followed by the dry-seeding with water-saving irrigation mode, with the water saving rate reaching 25.4%. From the perspective of yield, the yield of transplanting mode was the highest, reaching 8 550.0 kg/hm², followed by higher yield of direct water mode and dry-seeding with water-saving irrigations mode, and the lowest yield of dry-seeding with draught irrigation mode; the main reason for the higher yield of transplanting mode was that the number of spikies per panicle and the number of grains per panicle increased significantly. From the perspective of growth process, the seedling age of the transplanting mode was the fastest, and the heading was 8~10 days earlier than that of the dry direct seeding mode and watering direct seeding mode. The tillering process of the transplanting mode was gentle, the ratio of tillering and the effective tillering rate was high, and the rate of earing was also high. The direct seeding mode had a large amount of seeding, the increase of yield mainly relies on the number of spikes of main stems; in addition, the stalks cultivated by transplanting mode had good physical properties and the best lodging resistance. From the perspective of comprehensive benefits, the direct seeding mode and dry-seeding with water-saving irrigation mode were more profitable than transplanting mode, but the amount of profit was less, and the benefits of the dry-seeding with draught irrigation mode had a loss; because the direct-planting was susceptible to low temperature, seedling emergence was slow, seedling preservation was poor, growth was delayed, heading time was late, maturity was short, yield stability was poor, planting risk was relatively large.

In order to reveal the oxygen distribution characteristics of orchard soil under different irrigation methods, the 7-year-old dwarf anvil apple tree was used as the experimental object, and the irrigation method (water storage pit irrigation, surface irrigation ) was set as the control factor, and the soil oxygen saturation at different vertical positions from the surface and radial positions from the tree trunk was monitored by the soil in situ oxygen analyzer. The results showed that the soil oxygen saturation increased exponentially with the increase of vertical depth under different irrigation modes; the soil oxygen saturation under the water storage pit showed a trend of “several” shape with the increase of radial distance, while under surface irrigation, the soil oxygen saturation showed little change in the radial direction and was basically stable at a constant; The soil oxygen saturation in the vertical and radial directions under water storage pit irrigation treatment was higher than that under the surface irrigation treatment. On this basis, a one-dimensional vertical exponential distribution model of surface irrigation was constructed. The model determination coefficient was 0.903~0.916.The 1-d vertical, 1-d radial and 2-d spatial exponential distribution models of pit irrigation had higher simulation accuracy, with the simulation coefficients of 0.872~0.983, 0.605~0.814 and 0.890, respectively.

In order to explore the hydraulic characteristics of a new type insertion subsurface emitter and provide theoretical guidance for their structural optimization, this paper studied the influence of emitter spacing and water supply pressure on the irrigation uniformity and discharge of insertion subsurface emitters through indoor outflow test. The results show that under the conditions of irrigation spacing 20~60 cm and pressure of 6~16 m, the irrigation uniformity of the irrigation emitters are more than 80%, and the irrigation effect can meet the requirements of the Technical standard of drip irrigation project; The irrigation uniformity slightly increases with the increase of the water supply pressure, but the increase range is small, therefore it is not economical to increase the irrigation uniformity by increasing the water supply pressure; As the emitter spacing increases, the length of the branch pipe increases, the friction head loss increases as well, so irrigation uniformity gradually decreases; Within the range of 6~16 m of water supply pressure, the relationship between the drip flow and water supply pressure of the emitter conformes to the function of q=k Hx; when the irrigation spacing is at the range of 20 to 60 cm, the range of flow coefficient is 0.394~0.429, the range of flow index is 0.671~0.711, and the flow index is greater than 0.5. So the insertion subsurface emitter is a non-pressure compensator.

In order to find out the suitability of slow-release fertilizer under rice alternate drying and wetting irrigation mode, the pit planting test with different water and fertilizer treatments was carried out in 2019. The indexes, such as plant height, chlorophyll SPAD value, tiller number, yield and dry matter distribution characteristics, of rice at different growth stages, were analyzed. The results showed that the continuous flooding irrigation with slow-release fertilizer treatment had the strongest promoting effect on plant height, which reached 117.5 cm at yellow maturing stage and was 4.7cm higher than that of the alternate drying and wetting irrigation with slow-release fertilizer treatment, and the SPAD value of different water and fertilizer treatments varied within 3.8 in each growth stage; the effect of the continuous flooding irrigation with slow-release fertilizer treatment on tiller was the best, and the tiller number reached the maximum 20.4 between the late stage of tiller growth and jointing stage, and was 15.3 at yellow maturing stage; the yield of the alternate drying and wetting irrigation with slow-release fertilizer treatment was the highest, reaching 10 505 kg/hm2, followed by the continuous flooding irrigation with slow-release fertilizer treatment, which was 10 386 kg/hm2, and the yield of the continuous flooding with traditional fertilizer treatment was the lowest, which was only 9 679 kg/hm2; the total amount of dry matter at yellow maturing stage of the continuous flooding irrigation with slow-release fertilizer treatment reached 13 945.2 kg/hm2, which was 33.6% higher than that of the lowest alternate drying and wetting irrigation treatment. Under the condition of slow-release fertilizer, alternate drying and wetting irrigation was a more suitable irrigation mode.

In order to explore the effects of plastic-film mulching and limited supplementary irrigation on soil water transport and water use effect in potato fields in the cold and dry areas of northwest hebei province, five different treatments of ridging (T1), ridging and mulching (T2), drip irrigation under mulch with 22.5 mm (T3), drip irrigation under mulch with 45 mm (T4) and drip irrigation with 45 mm(T5), were set by using the method of random block group to monitor the effects of different measures on the temporal and spatial transport of soil water, potato field and water use efficiency. The results showed that the main water supply layer of potato field in loamy meadow chestnut soil was 0~40 cm soil layer, and the tuber expansion period was the key period of farmland water consumption. Compared with CK, the yield and the water use efficiency of the treatment of plastic film mulching under dry cultivation was increased by 76.44% and 83.33%, respectively; the yield and the water use efficiency of the treatment of drip irrigation under mulch with 22.5 mm was increased by 123.47% and 122.00%, respectively; the yield and the water use efficiency of drip irrigation with 45 mm was increased by 52.17% and 51.82%, respectively. It can be concluded that mulching and irrigation did not significantly increase the water consumption of farmland, but significantly incrense the yield and WUE of potato.

In order to reveal the effects of the application of nitrogen and aerated irrigation on soil environment and cucumber yield in the root zone area, so as to provide a theoretical basis and a scientific basis for reasonable fertilizer application of cucumber, the improvement of soil environment and the increase of crop yield under aerated irrigation, in this experiment, cucumber was used as a test crop, and 3 nitrogen application levels (0, 240, 360 kg/hm2) and two irrigation modes (aerated and unaerated) were set, with 6 treatments. The results showed that compared with traditional subsurface drip irrigation, the O2 content in the soil under aerated irrigation increased by 2.0%, the soil temperature and aerated porosity slightly increased, the soil respiration significantly increased by 25.2% (P<0.05), the water use efficiency of cucumber also increased, and the soil environment in the cucumber root area was improved. In addition, the aerated irrigation with N application rate of 240 kg/hm2 provided sufficient nitrogen fertilizer supply and good water-gas mixture for the soil in the root zone of crops, made the water, fertilizer, gas and heat in the soil reach the relatively optimal equilibrium state, and promoted the respiration, soil temperature and water use efficiency of cucumber soil more obviously. The cucumber yield reached 72 266 kg/hm2, which was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P<0.05).

In this paper, using dryland cotton field as the trial materials, the effect of controlled drainage and reduced the nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate on changes of soil mineral nitrogen and cotton yield under a field conditions was investigated at Jingzhou, Hubei province, in 2018. The experiment was completely random comprised of two controlled drainage levels and four N rates. The controlled drainage levels included controlled drainage (KS) and no controlled drainage (FKS). The four N rates included normal N rate (280 kg/hm2, N1) used by local farmers, 90%, 80% and 70% of the normal N rate, designated N1, N0.9, N0.8 and N0.7, respectively. Soil nitrate (NO-3-N) and ammonia (NH+4-N) content at the 0~20, 20~40, 40~60 and 60~80 cm soil depths during grown season of cotton were measured. The results showed that: NO-3-N and NH+4-N content at the 0~40 cm soil depths were generally greater in the KS than those in the FKS. Compared to the N1, the N0.9, N0.8 and N0.7 significantly decreased cottonseed yield by 9.23%, 13.16% and 18.60% under the KS, respectively. The corresponding values were 4.96%, 7.02% and 12.98% for N0.9, N0.8 and N0.7, respectively, under the FKS; the significant difference was only occurred at the N0.7. These results suggested that with controlled drainage, reducing the normal N rate by 10%~20% were useful to increase content of mineral N in the 0~20 cm soil depth, and thereby maintaining cotton yield.

In order to investigate the effects of different water-saving irrigation modes on the growth and yield of white tea, two irrigation methods (sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation) and three control lower limits (65%, 75% and 85%) of relative water content were designed. The index of fresh & dry weight, leaf area index, 100-bud weight and bud color of white tea were observed. At the same time, an entropy weight coefficient evaluation model was constructed, and the indexes of yield, output value, economic feasibility of engineering construction and irrigation water utilization efficiency were considered to select the optimal water saving irrigation scheme. The results showed that the 100 bud weight, leaf area index and dry weight of white tea were the highest under the treatment of sprinkling irrigation with 85% lower limit of water control; Under the same irrigation mode, increasing the lower limit of water control increased the yield of white tea by 2.4% to 17.7% under drip irrigation and 16.7% to 30.2% under sprinkler irrigation. The results of the entropy weight coefficient evaluation model showed that the comprehensive benefit of the treatment of sprinkling irrigation with the lower limit of 75% water control was the best, and the evaluation value of the entropy weight coefficient reached 0.96. Under this irrigation mode, the output value of white tea, the internal rate of return of the national economy and the utilization efficiency of irrigation water for the construction of water-saving irrigation projects were 468.6 kg/hm2, 2.524 million yuan/hm2, 22.3% and 0.387 kg/m3, respectively. In practice, the sprinkling irrigation with the lower limit of 75% water control is recommended as the water-saving irrigation mode for white tea.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the synergistic effects of supplemental irrigation on yield, quality and water and nitrogen utilization of watermelon in gravel-mulched field, and provide theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation of watermelon in gravel-mulched field of northwest China. In this study, four supplemental irrigation treatments were set up, including treatment CK of no supplemental irrigation during the whole growth period of watermelon, treatment W1 of supplemental irrigation at vine stage, treatment W2 of supplemental irrigation at fruit stage, and treatment W3 of supplemental irrigation at fruiting stage. All treatments had the same amount of supplementary irrigation (45 m3/hm2) to study the effects of supplementary irrigation at different periods on the yield, quality, water and nitrogen utilization of watermelon in gravel-mulched field. The results showed that for treatment W2, the watermelon yield was increased by 32.74%, and the center sugar, edge sugar and vitamin C content of fruit was increased by 5.58%, 9.80% and 21.25%, respectively, than that of treatment CK, and the sugar gradient was the lowest; at the same time, for treatment W2, the nitrogen accumulation and its transport from the nutritional organ to the fruit were promoted, the accumulation of nitrogen in fruits was increased by 41.62% and the productivity of nitrogen fertilizer was increased by 35.48%; water use efficiency was also enhanced with the increase of watermelon yield, and the water use efficiency of watermelon of treatment W2 was enhanced by 25.13% than that of CK. In summary, supplemental irrigation at fruit stage of watermelon can improve yield, quality, and water and nitrogen utilization efficiency in gravel-mulched field.

In order to improve the agricultural production water use efficiency and reduce the waste of agricultural irrigation water resources, in 2013-2016, a three-year continuous winter wheat and summer maize continuous cropping non-sufficient irrigation system experiment was conducted in the Jinghuiqu Irrigation District of Shaanxi Province to study the optimization of its irrigation system. The experiment set up 8 inadequate irrigation treatments, and each treatment was repeated twice. Based on the analysis of rainfall, irrigation, and its impact on yield, water use efficiency, and profit-loss ratio during the three-year winter wheat summer corn growth period, a reasonable irrigation system for winter wheat and summer corn under different rainfall frequency years was determined. The test results showed that different irrigation periods and irrigation amounts of winter wheat and summer corn had significant effects on their yields. The optimal irrigation system that coordinated the yield and water use efficiency was T4 (winter irrigation with return green irrigation) and H4 (stubble irrigation with male irrigation), irrigation four times during the whole year, and the irrigation quota was 4 800 m³/hm².

In order to explore the effects of water and nitrogen on pear growth and fruit quality indexes, and to analyze the indexes of pear tree growth and fruit quality indexes with different coupled water and nitrogen treatments, a one-year field test with two factors and two levels was carried out. That was, two irrigation limits (W1: 75% Fc, W2: 65% Fc) and two nitrogen application levels (F1: 324 kg/hm2, F2: 168 kg/hm2), a total of 4 test treatments (low water and low fertilizer: W1F1; low water and high fertilizer: W1F2; high water and low fertilizer: W2F1; high water and high fertilizer: W2F2). During the test, the vegetative growth indicators (new shoot length, new shoot base diameter, leaf area and chlorophyll content) and fruit quality indicators (single fruit weight, soluble solid content, reduced Vc content, and titratable acid) of the pear were measured. The results showed that water and nitrogen coupling had some effects on the vegetative growth index and fruit quality index of Golden Pear, but the rules were not exactly the same. Increasing the irrigation water limit and the amount of nitrogen application could significantly increase the new shoot length and base diameter. However, the response of the leaf area and chloro phyll content to the water and nitrogen coupling scheme was more complicated, and there was no one-way increasing relationship; the weight of a single fruit responded most significantly to the irrigation water limit, and the other two quality indicators responded more significantly to the amount of nitrogen applied. Increasing the irrigation limit and nitrogen application could increase the weight of single fruit and reduce the content of titratable acids, but soluble solids and reduced Vc content had a more complex response to water-nitrogen coupling and were significantly affected by water-fertilizer interaction. The fruit quality index had some correlation with the growth index of the pear tree. In comparison, the new shoot length and base diameter of the pear tree contributed the most to most quality indexes. Therefore, it is suggested that combining irrigation and fertilization management with agronomic management to coordinate the nutrient absorption and distribution relationship of pear organs, thereby optimizing the growth of new shoots and promoting the improvement of pear fruit quality.

In order to seek suitable irrigation indexes for efficient and high-yield cotton production under subsurface drip irrigation，the effects of different water deficits at bud and boll stages on cotton physiological characteristics and water use efficiency were studied through field experiments. The results showed that: the cotton plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index all showed a “slow-fast-slow” change pattern during the whole growth period; excessive water (SDI-8) or too little water (SDI-1) at the bud stage was not conducive to the development of cotton physiological indicators; at the boll stage, the cotton physiological indicators decreased significantly with the increase of water stress (SDI-5); under the same water stress, the negative effect on cotton physiological characteristics indicators at the vegetative growth stage were smaller than that at the reproductive growth stage, and the negative effect under SDI-1 were greater than that under SDI-5; the seed cotton yield and water use efficiency were the highest under SDI-7，which were 11.6% and 12.6% higher than those under SDI-8 (adequate water supply during the whole growth period); the lower limits of irrigation control during the bud period (moderate water deficit) and boll period (adequate water supply) was 60% and 75% of the field water capacity, respectively, which was more conducive to significantly increasing cotton seed yield and water use efficiency under subsurface drip irrigation.

A three-section tubular non-circular spraying field sprinkler consisting of a tube body with three round end faces and angles between adjacent axes was developed. The precision rope drive way with the characteristics of high precision, low back, without lubrication and compact structure was adopted, and the “hoist” type winding method was used to control the rotation rate and the injection elevation angle of the three-section tubular non-circular spray sprinkler. The optimal parameters were obtained by the method of topology optimization, orthogonal experiment and parameter optimization design. The results show that the three-section tubular non-circular spray field sprinkler drive system with precision wire rope transmission has higher transmission precision, and the highly integrated structural design reduces the demand for a driving source, reduces the installation space, and reduces the economic cost and complexity. At the same time, under the premise of meeting the requirements of strength and stiffness, most of the static and dynamic performance of the optimized sprinkler drive system components are improved to different degrees and the quality is greatly reduced.

The water requirement of walnut crops is intricate and complicated, and has a complex non-linear relationship with factors such as temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. In view of this characteristic, combined with the historical and meteorological data of walnut water demand in Handan test field, Hebei Province, a MIV-MEA-Elman model was proposed. After screening by the MIV (Mean Impact Value) algorithm, four better indicators, including average temperature, average pressure, relative humidity, and hours of sunshine, were obtained. Then taking them as the input and the daily water demand of walnuts as the output of the Elman neural network model optimized by the MEA (Mind Evolutionary Algorithm), a simulation was conducted. Through the analysis of the simulation results, it was found that the root mean square error of this model was 0.317, which proved that it had a good prediction effect.

The evaluation system and quantitative standard were put forward from the perspective of sustainable livelihood guarantee of the management mode of end canal system in irrigation districts, which provides reference for the policy support and internal operation mechanism improvement of end canal system management in irrigation districts. Through the statistical analysis and hierarchical analysis of the three modes, including village management, special management extension management and water user association management, in the current end canal system management of irrigation districts, it was found that the sustainable livelihood of end canal system could be reflected by engineering management level, water management level, organizational management level, financial management level and environmental management level; the three modes played an important role in the management of end canal system in irrigation districts and played a positive role in water management, but they lagged behind in financial management, efficient water saving and promoting sustainable development of the environment. The evaluation index system and quantitative standard of sustainable livelihood of the management mode of end canal system in irrigation districts are credible and feasible.

There are many problems in agricultural electromechanical well irrigation management, such as inaccurate measurement of electricity and water charges, overdue payment of irrigation fees and waste of water resources. The IC card based measurement and control terminal is designed for irrigation control and management, in order to reduce labor costs, improve automation production efficiency, and save water through modern scientific and technological means. It enables the management department to realize the management goal of charging first and then irrigation, and enables users to charge fees and self- service irrigation through smart IC CARDS, so as to realize transparent consumption.

In order to reduce channel conflict, network energy consumption and data delay, a non-hierarchical communication protocol for multi-chain farmland monitoring wireless sensor network (RBP) was proposed. The sink node synchronizes and schedules the whole network by sending the command frames, and the sensor nodes complete the tasks of synchronization, data transmission and routing according to the different command frames received. Simulation results show that this protocol can effectively reduce network energy consumption, avoid link conflict, reduce data delay and improve network reliability.

It is of great scientific and practical significance to establish the measurement model of water conservancy informatization for the development and guidance of water conservancy informatization. Based on the basic data obtained from the nationwide investigation of the development of water conservancy informatization since the water conservancy informatization was carried out in China and the actual situation of the development of water conservancy informatization, referring to the international commonly used evaluation method for information development degree, this paper put forward a research method of water conservancy informatization measurement based on Delphi method and cloud model, and discussed the research method in combination with the statistical data provided in the development report of China's water conservancy informatization from 2012 to 2015. To some extent, this study improves the scientific objectivity of the evaluation of the development degree of water conservancy informatization, and provides the current situation analysis and decision-making reference for the realization of the goal of water conservancy informatization stage.

Aiming at the problems of randomness, repeatability and incompleteness in the indicators selection of the informatization development level evaluation of irrigation ditricts in China, on the basis of analyzing the informatization development status in irrigation districts and the selection principle of evaluation indexes, according to the evaluation methods and models put forward by predecessors, the evaluation indicators selection and optimization of informatization level of irrigation districts were studied with the goal of index simplicity and integrity, and a set of evaluation index system for informatization level of irrigation districts was constructed from three aspects, including information infrastructure construction, application performance and benefit effect. Taking Hubei Zhanghe Irrigation District as an example for empirical study, the indicators optimization selection model was used. The result showed that the indicators could be optimized from 40 to 17 and the completeness of indicators system could reached as high as 85.13%, which met the goal of fewer indexes and higher integrity.

Due to its special geographical location and climatic conditions, the water area in Shenwu irrigation area is of great significance to the improvement of its ecological environment. At present, there has been no research on the historical changes of the water area in Shenwu irrigation area. In order to master the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of lake area in Shenwu irrigation area and carry out appropriate water replenishment, in this paper, based on Landsat and HJ1A/B remote sensing data, new water body index (NWI) combined with threshold value method and visual interpretation was used to extract eight natural lake areas in Shenwu irrigation area from 1988 to 2018. Combined with the meteorological data of Dengkou County and the data of ecological water replenishment, diversion and autumn watering, which was provided by Wulanbuhe irrigation management bureau, the driving factors of the change of water area in irrigation area were analyzed. The results showed that the lake area of YifenchangHaizi lake and Dongqing lake in the study area had been expanding in a straight line in recent 30 yeara, while Jinma lake, Nalin lake, JingHu lake, Guyuechen lake, Zhuanzhaojinghaizi and Tiane lake all experienced the stages of continuous expansion, fluctuation shrinkage and fluctuation expansion. The change of lake area in Shenwu irrigation area in recent 30 years is the comprehensive influence of climate factors and human activities.