In order to grasp the global situation of patent research and development of water - saving irrigation technology,and provide reference for technology research and development and patent distribution of water-saving irrigation technology in China,by using patent analysis method,ZHIHUIYA patent analysis platform,manual indexing and statistics,EXCEL and other tools,this study analyzed water- saving irrigation technology patents in China and abroad systematically.The annual application situation,patent types and legal status, national and regional distribution,countries with active R＆D,technology distribution and institutions with active R＆D of water - saving irrigation technology patents in the world were analyzed.Then,the key foreign water-saving irrigation companies were analyzed.Finally, combined with patent analysis on key patents,the development trend of water-saving irrigation technology was summarized.The result shows that,water-saving irrigation technology will be the attention focus of R＆D institutions both at home and abroad in the future; China ranks first in the number of patent applications in this field,but the quality of Chinese patents needs to be improved.RAIN BIRD and HUNTER INDUSTRIES in USA,and NEAFIM in Israel are the world＇s best in the field of water-saving irrigation technology.Domestic R＆D institut ions of water irrigation technology should pay attention to their R＆D trends,analyze their core technology patents and make further innovations.At the same time,it is suggested that cooperation with these institutions should be strengthened.It is found that precision irrigation technology,i．e.automatic irrigation control based on real-time acquisition of crop growth environment through Internet and wireless network,the technology of sewage treatment for irrigation are the hotspot and trend of future development.It is suggested that domestic R＆D institutions pay more attention to these areas．

In order to solve the problem that water rights allocation among farmers is rarely studied and the allocation scheme is not easily accepted by farmers,a comprehensive weighted model based on user satisfaction is established.Firstly,the water weight is determined,and then the water right distribution scheme is determined according to the single principle of comprehensive quota,population,land and output, etc．,and the corresponding user satisfaction is calculated.Then,the weight function based on the sense of fairness is constructed,and finally the multi-principle comprehensive weighted distribution scheme is obtained.Taking the animal husbandry team ( 4) in the main channel of the Shenwu canal as an example,this paper draws the following conclusions: the allocation scheme based on the user satisfaction can satisfy the demand of the individual justice sense,and the balanced allocation result is equal to the water rights quantity.The method gives consideration to both individual fairness and overall fairness,and improves the acceptance of farmers to the distribution scheme．

The Yellow River irrigation areas play an irreplaceable strategic role in China＇s economic and social development.However,the contradiction between water demand and supply in the area is aggravated,the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer is low,and the non -point source pollution is prominent.Therefore,it is necessary to vigorously develop drip irrigation,improve guarantee for crops irrigation, and promote the development of green and high - efficiency agriculture.The development of drip irrigation in the area is faced with the problems of water source storage,sediment filtration and proof emitter clogging,which leads to the increased investment in drip irrigation． Based on the technical achievements of Inner Mongolia＇s major science and technology and water conservancy project,this paper analyzes the influence of the above factors on investment of drip irrigation projects and the main ways to reduce investment of drip irrigation,and discusses the economic,social and ecological benefits from the development of drip irrigation in Yellow River irrigation areas,which can provide references for the large-scale promotion of drip irrigation in this area．

In order to verify the effects of different flooding depth and flooding duration on growth and yield of rice during tillering stage,the experiment of different flooding depth and flooding duration during tillering stage was carried out in April-July of 2018 by using pot test method to simulate flooding,in which Lu Liangyou 996 was taken as the test material.CK ( no flooding treatment) ,H1 ( 20 cm) ,H2 ( 30 cm) and H3 ( 40 cm) were set for different flooding depth,and D1 ( 1D) ,D3 ( 3D) ,D5 ( 5d) and D7 ( 7d) were set for different flooding duration treatment.Each treatment was repeated for 3 times.The results showed that the growth of tiller number and plant height of early rice were inhibited and promoted by flooding stress at tillering stage,and the growth of tiller was more seriously inhibited with increasing depth and duration of flooding,and the plant height difference was more significant than that of control group; the effect of flooding stress on SPAD value of early rice flag leaves showed that the difference between treatments was not significant 1 day before the beginning of submersion, SPAD value in rice flag leaves decreased significantly after the end of submersion,and gradually returned to the normal level 7 days after the end of submersion.At early rice tillering stage,the dry matter accumulation of above-ground part would decrease under the stress of flooding,the difference between them and CK was more significant with the increase of depth and duration of flooding,and the dry matter accumulation of panicle part was most affected in different parts．In terms of yield composition,effective panicle number,seed setting rate and actual yield decreased significantly after flooding stress at early rice tillering stage,correlation coefficients between them and SFW ( cumulative depth of flooding) reached -0．914＊＊ ,-0．983＊＊ and -0．942＊＊ respectively.The actual yield was the most affected by flooding stress,and the actual yield difference between all treatments and CK reached a significant level ( p＜0．05) ,and with the increase of depth and duration of flooding,the difference between THEM was larger.The regression analysis showed that SFW ( cumulative depth of flooding) could be used as independent variable to construct the actual yield prediction model after flooding stress at early rice tillering stage．

In order to put forward a reasonable scheme of new biogas slurry compound microbial fertilizer for irrigation and fertilization,a complete combination design of two factors and three levels was adopted to study the effects of different water and fertilizer supply levels on the growth,development and yield quality of open field watermelon.The results showed that the chlorophyll SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of watermelon leaves were increased with high medium water and high fertilizer,and the effective water utilization efficiency of watermelon leaves was significantly increased.Low water content significantly inhibited the yield of watermelon.After medium water supply,the yield of watermelon increased with the increase of fertilizer application.Under medium and low water supply conditions, soluble solids of watermelon increased,while under high water supply conditions,soluble solids of watermelon significantly decreased.Based on the comprehensive analysis of yield and quality,the optimal application combination of biogas slurry in calcareous soil of GanChengzi is 3 150 m3 / hm2 irrigation amount and 3 000 kg / hm2 fertilizer amount．

In order to improve the irrigation water use efficiency in the Yellow River irrigation area,an evaluation method based on four parameter interval number is proposed for the multi - attribute irrigation water use efficiency evaluation with unknown attribute value and attribute weight in the Yellow River irrigation area,and three aspects of engineering,environment and management are selected for evaluation.Through the improved entropy method and group decision relative entropy aggregation model,the combined weight is calculated, the ranking of the objects to be evaluated is calculated by VIKOR algorithm,and then the algorithm is applied to the evaluation of irrigation water use efficiency of the Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area in Sanyizhai irrigation area.It is found that in the case of no human impact on environmental indicators,in order to improve the irrigation water use efficiency of the Yellow River Irrigation Area,the management investment should be improved as much as possible．

In order to explore the effect of straw returning amount on soil water retention characteristics,soil moisture characteristic curve was measured by mixing disturbed soil and corn straw in a certain proportion.The non-return treatment was taken as the control ( CK) ,and the other straw-returning treatments were 1．0%,3．0%,5．0% and 7．0% of dry soil quality respectively.The results showed that under the same soil water suction,the soil water content increased with the increase of straw returning amount,especially in the low and high suction range． Straw returning increased the excess and difficult available water quality in the soil,but decreases the easy available water quality.Straw returning did not change the variation rule of specific water capacity with soil water suction,but it reduced the value of specific water capacity.The experimental results can provide a basis for the rational utilization of soil moisture and the improvement of irrigation measures under straw mulching．

Taking Jinghui canal irrigation district as the research object,based on the groundwater observation data of the irrigation district, FEFLOW was used to establish the groundwater three-dimensional simulation model of Jinghui Canal irrigation district.Under the premise of accuracy,11 scenarios with different water saving levels were simulated to study the response of groundwater level to different influencing factors.The response of groundwater level to the three main influencing factors in this study was obtained and arranged from large to small as follows: the water utilization coefficient of the downstream of branch canal,irrigation norm,the utilization coefficient of the main and branch canal system.Based on the simulation,the optimal allocation is obtained as that the water use coefficient of the main and branch canal system is 0．71,and the water utilization coefficient of the downstream of branch canal is 0．90.In the actual production,enhancing the irrigation water utilization coefficient of the downstream of branch canal should be given priority and to establish the canal lining standards for seepage control based on this．

In order to solve the problem of water loss in the process of irrigation due to the drought and serious water infiltration and evaporation in Xinjiang,a valve controller is developed to realize intelligent irrigation based on the data of soil moisture sensor and crop water demand.The controller is based on STM32 single-chip microcomputer and adopts solar power supply.The controller includes single-chip microcomputer control circuit,soil moisture collection circuit,solar charging control circuit,valve driving circuit,wireless communication circuit and valve state feedback circuit.The controller uses the data collected by the soil and humidity sensor to make irrigation decision． When the soil moisture content is lower than the optimal growth value of crops,the valve is opened,and when the soil moisture content reaches the field capacity moisture content,the valve is closed.Farmers can obtain soil temperature and humidity data and valve switch status information remotely through mobile APP,and can remotely control the valve for irrigation.The experimental analysis shows that the controller is stable and can control the soil moisture content in a suitable range．

The development and application of new carbon-based fertilizers are of great significance for achieving high productivity,high quality and high efficiency target in greenhouse vegetable production.In this paper,the effects of two types of carbon-based urea ( B2: 1 and B1: 1) ,irrigation amount and water-nitrogen coupling on yield and quality of greenhouse tomato were investigated.The results showed that, compared with urea treatment,carbon - based urea B2: 1 and B1: 1 increased the yield of tomato by 38% ～ 42% and 11% ～ 27%, respectively,and the soluble sugar of fruits increased by 0．69% ～ 1．39% and 0．7% ～ 2．15%,the sugar-to-acid ratio increased by 2．66 ～ 7．66 and 2．83 ～ 8．76 respectively,Vc increased by 6 ～ 11．3 and 3．6 ～ 4．4 mg /100 g,respectively,and nitrate decreased by 4 ～ 11 and 4．3 ～ 17 mg / kg,respectively.Compared with B1: 1 type of carbon-based urea,B2: 1 carbon-based urea increased tomato yield and Vc content, while reduced fruit soluble sugar content.Reducing irrigation amount from HW ( 1 658 m3 / hm2 ) to LW ( 1 365 m3 / hm2 ) led to the yield decrease of tomato,whereas the use of carbon-based urea could counteract this adverse effect,and the B2: 1 product got better performance． Reducing irrigation amount also resulted in deterioration of tomato quality.Nitrogen fertilizer had a greater effect on tomato yield when compared with irrigation factor,while the opposite was true when mentioned tomato quality.Nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation amount interacts with each other when influencing fruit soluble sugar,Vc and nitrate content.Comprehensively speaking,HW+B2: 1,HW+B1: 1 and LW+ B2: 1 combination treatments have promotion value in greenhouse tomato production．

The effects of different mulch treatments on the soil water and heat status of pear orchard under dry farming conditions were studied,and the response of young Yuluxiang pear tree growth status to soil water and heat was revealed,which provided a theoretical basis for orchard mulching cultivation techniques.A total of 4 coverage treatments were set up in the experiment,including year - round floor covering ( T1) ,April-September floor covering ( T2) ,October- March of the next year floor covering ( T3) ,straw covering ( T4) ,and the control group No coverage ( CK) for comparison.The results showed that different mulching treatments had different effects on the soil moisture and soil temperature of pear orchards,as well as on the growth status of pear trees,and the cumulative growth of new shoots and trunk diameters of each treatment could be perfectly matched with Logistic crop growth models.Among them,straw mulching treatment could keep the soil volumetric moisture content at a relatively high level,and had better thermal insulation effect.Compared with other treatments, it could obviously promote the growth and development of pear trees,and increased the cumulative growth of pear tree new shoots and trunk diameter.Compared with the control group without mulch,mulching could significantly improve soil water and heat conditions and promoted the growth and development of pear trees．

Studying the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of walnut leaves under drip irrigation and finding the optimal growth period of regulated deficit in walnut trees are of scientific guiding significance for the development of walnut industry.The regulated deficit irrigation experiment was respectively carried out in the germination stage ( Ⅰ) ,flowering and fruit bearing periods ( Ⅱ) ,germination stage and flowering and fruit bearing periods ( Ⅰ + Ⅱ) .And the net photosynthetic rate ( Pn) , transpiration rate ( Tr) ,stomatal conductance ( Gs) ,intercellular CO2 concentration ( Ci) indicators and yield changes of walnut leaves after different adjustment and rehydration were analyzed.The results showed that: under regulated deficit irrigation,compared with normal irrigation,the Tr and Gs of the regulated deficit at flowering and fruit bearing periods were significantly reduced ( P＜0．05) ; compared with normal irrigation,the water deficit during the germination period and the rehydration during the flowering and fruiting period significantly reduced the Tr,Gs and Ci of the leaves ( P＜ 0.05) ; the photosynthetic characteristics of the leaves in the fruit swelling stage were all increased,and decreased with the increase of regulation deficit; regulated deficit irrigation had a positive effect on fruit yield,and the yield per plant was higher for the treatment of slightly regulated in the flowering and fruiting bearing periods and the treatment of slightly regulated in the germination stage and flowering and fruiting bearing periods.The comprehensive experimental analysis showed that the mild regulation in flowering and fruiting period was the most suitable deficit treatment for walnut trees．

In order to explore the spatial distribution characteristics of soil salt in cotton fields with high salt value under long - term continuous drip irrigation under film,based on the monitoring data of soil salinity in 2016,2017 and 2018 during the growing period of cotton fields under continuous drip irrigation under film in Northern Xinjiang,the accumulation and variation characteristics of soil salinity in different soil profiles of cotton fields under drip irrigation under film were analyzed by using classical statistical methods.The results showed that the soil salt content in the study area increased year by year,and with the passage of time,the non-salinized soil or mildly salinized soil gradually changed to be moderately salinized soil,and some areas changed to be severely salinized soil.The soil salt content in each section increased from north to south in three consecutive years.In the horizontal direction,salinity mainly accumulates in sections 6,7 and 8.While in the vertical direction,the salinity of the 0 ～ 20 cm soil layer varies greatly,which increases with the increase of the soil layer and mainly accumulates in the soil layer below 80 cm．

In order to explore the diurnal variation law of the canopy conductance of apple trees under the condition of water storage pit irrigation,stem flow meter method was used to calculate the canopy conductance,and variance analysis,correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to study the diurnal variation characteristics of the canopy conductance of apple trees under different treatments of water storage pit irrigation and ground irrigation,as well as the response of meteorological factors ( air temperature,solar radiation,relative humidity and wind speed) ． The results showed that the canopy conductance of apple trees in different treatments was single peak curve,and the peak value appeared from 10:00 to 11:00 in the morning; the higher the upper and lower limits of irrigation,the greater the canopy conductance; under the same irrigation conditions,the canopy conductance of apple trees in water storage pit irrigation treatment was higher than that in surface irrigation treatment; the air temperature,solar radiation,wind speed and canopy conductance were positively correlated, and the relative humidity and canopy conductance were negatively correlated． Each meteorological factor has a significant impact on canopy conductance,all of which are above the significant level．

In order to investigate the soil water retention,water release and pore characteristics of the clayey red soil under different vegetation types,centrifuge technique was used to measure the soil water characteristic curves( SWCCs) of the soils collected on a typical clayey red soil slope in southern Hubei province.Soil sampling was conducted at four soil depths ( 20,40,60 and 90 cm) in eight plots separately under three different tree ages of Chinafir,tea plant,photinia glabra,soapberry,rape,osmanthus.Different types of porosities of the soil were calculated based on the SWCCs.The Van Genuchten model ( VG model) was used to fit the measured SWCCs data and then the soil specific water capacity curves were obtained.The results show that: ① The VG model can well fit the soil water characteristic curve of the clayey red soil,and the determination coefficient R2 is between 0．9814 and 0．9994; ②The changes of soil water-holding capacity mainly occur in the range of soil water suction below 500 kPa,and the processes of soil water release mostly appear in the range of low suction ( from 0 to 500 kPa) .The total soil porosities of the experimental slopes are from 40．4% to 47．0%,with a mean capillary porosities of 39．2% and a mean effective porosity of 15%.Therefore,the overall soil water availability is poor; ③Lands under tea plant,old Chinafir ( 10 years of tree age) and young Chinafir ( 5 years of tree age) have the best water-holding capacity.The surface soils in most plots have better drainage capacity than those in deep soils,but the water-holding capacities in deep soils are stronger than those of surface soil.Differences in soil water-holding capacities,water release characteristics and water availabilities occur at various depths under different vegetations in the study sloping land.This phenomenon should be taken into account when analyzing the soil water dynamics in the clayey red soil sloping land．

In order to explore the diurnal variation law of the canopy conductance of apple trees under the condition of water storage pit irrigation,stem flow meter method was used to calculate the canopy conductance,and variance analysis,correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to study the diurnal variation characteristics of the canopy conductance of apple trees under different treatments of water storage pit irrigation and ground irrigation,as well as the response of meteorological factors ( air temperature,solar radiation,relative humidity and wind speed) .The results showed that the canopy conductance of apple trees in different treatments was single peak curve,and the peak value appeared from 10 ∶ 00 to 11 ∶ 00 in the morning; the higher the upper and lower limits of irrigation,the greater the canopy conductance; under the same irrigation conditions,the canopy conductance of apple trees in water storage pit irrigation treatment was higher than that in surface irrigation treatment; the air temperature,solar radiation,wind speed and canopy conductance were positively correlated, and the relative humidity and canopy conductance were negatively correlated.Each meteorological factor has a significant impact on canopy conductance,all of which are above the significant level．

Aiming at the shortcomings of the traditional single weighting method,the AHM subjective weighting and the CRITIC objective weighting were combined to construct the AHM-CRITIC coupling weighting method.The TOPSIS ranking method was also used to quantify the relative relationship between samples and the evaluation standard,and a water quality evaluation model was established.Six indexes of CODMn,TN,TP,NH3-N,DO and pH were selected as evaluation factors,and the model was applied to the water quality evaluation of Xiaoxingkai Lake.In the AHM-CRITIC evaluation results,Class Ⅱ water accounts for 20%,Class Ⅲ water and Class IV water account for 10% each,and Class Ⅴ water accounts for 60%,indicating that the water quality is generally poor.Because the eutrophication of the water body is serious,local residents should improve their water environment by scientific drainage and irrigation and developing tourism in a civilized way.Comparing the three weighting methods of AHM-CRITIC,AHM and CRITIC,it shows that the optimized model can effectively avoid the problem of“insensitive”of subjective weight extreme value and objective weight,and improve the overall evaluation accuracy and adaptability,which has certain application value．

In this paper,the rice variety of Jindao 919 was selected as the research object to study the yield comparison and change under salt stress during the whole growth period including single seedling stage,tillering stage,single booting stage and single milk ripening stage． The salinity of irrigation water was selected as 0 ( CK) ,2,3,4,5,6,7 g /L in 7 treatment groups.Spike number,1 000-grain weight and yield were selected as rice measurement indexes.The results showed that under the salt stress treatment during the whole growth period,the overall yield of rice showed a decrease trend with the increase of salt concentration.Among them,the salt concentration of 5,6 and 7 g /L had the most serious impact on rice,in which the yield of rice decreased by 45．48% and 44．97% under the treatment of S6 and S7,and the color of rice appeared abnormal.Under the salt stress at single seedling stage and tillering stage,although the rice character index decreased to different degrees,the booting and heading processes were not poisoned by salt ions,and the yield was slightly increased compared with that under salt stress during the whole growth period.However,under the treatment of 6 and 7 g /L salt concentration at single seedling stage and tillering stage,the rice color still appeared pale yellow.Under the single-stage salt stress treatment at booting stage and milk maturity stage,as the salt tolerance increased,the differences between the rice treatments gradually decreased.Under single-stage salt stress during the milk ripening period,there was no significant difference in rice yield between the treatment groups.Under the condition of water shortage, the use of brackish water with salt content of no more than 4g /L for single stage irrigation in booting stage and milk stage has little impact on yield,only 9．2%,which can replace fresh water for 25%．

In order to explore the variation law of the water distribution uniformity coefficient of the micro-sprinkler belt under different working pressures,the water distribution uniformity coefficient perpendicular to micro-sprinkler belt,along the micro-sprinkler belt direction and the total area was calculated by formula,and the influence of different inlet working pressures on the water distribution uniformity of different types of micro- sprinkler belt was analyzed.For the common mechanical perforated Ф28,Ф32 and Ф40 micro-sprinkler belts,by changing the working pressure of the micro-sprinkler belt,six different inlet working pressures of the micro-sprinkler belt were set to explore the water distribution uniformity coefficient of different structural types of micro-sprinkler belt under different inlet working pressures.The results showed that the uniformity coefficient of water distribution in the micro-sprinkler belt was closely related to the uniformity of the inlet working head and pipe diameter; within a certain range of working pressure,the irrigation effect of the micro-sprinkler belt was the best; with the change of working pressure,the uniformity coefficient of water distribution in the micro-sprinkler belt of Ф28 and Ф40 changed gently,while the uniformity coefficient of water distribution in the micro-sprinkler belt of Ф 32 fluctuated greatly.The water distribution uniformity coefficient of the three structural types of micro-jet belts all appeared the maximum value within the range of 32 ～ 36 kPa working pressure.In order to ensure better irrigation uniformity,there is a limit laying length of micro-sprinkler belt under certain pressure.In actual use,the laying length and the working pressure should be set according to the specific structure of micro-sprinkler belt．

Based on the theory of water footprint and CROPWAT model,this paper used meteorological and agricultural data to calculate the water footprint of wheat,barley and corn production in Yumen City,Gansu Province,as a typical case area from 1981 to 2017,and analyzed its change characteristics and influencing factors.The results show that the total water footprint is decreasing,the proportion of blue water is the largest ( 78%) ,the gray water is the second ( 16%) ,and the green water is the least ( 6%) .From the perspective of the overall change trend of water footprint of all grain crops,the blue water and the green water are complementary,and the change of the gray water and the blue water are the consistent.From the perspective of water footprint of unit yield,corn is the crop with the lowest water footprint of unit yield and the highest yield per unit.Therefore,it has absolute advantage among the cultivation of main food crops.The results show that economic factors are the primary factors which affect the water footprint of food crops,followed by agricultural production factors,meteorological factors and population factors.Among them,the blue water footprint is mainly affected by economic factors and agricultural production factors; the green water footprint is mainly affected by wind speed and precipitation in meteorological factors; the gray water footprint is mainly affected by nitrogen fertilization．

In this paper,five irrigation methods,including trace irrigation,daily subsurface drip irrigation,submembrane drip irrigation, conventional subsurface drip irrigation and cotton ground irrigation ( control) ,were set up to study the spatial distribution of cotton roots under different irrigation conditions.The results showed that: the effects of subsurface drip irrigation and trace irrigation on dry matter accumulation of cotton roots was significantly higher than that of submembrane drip irrigation and conventional subsurface drip irrigation． Among them,daily subsurface drip irrigation was more beneficial to root growth because of its large dry matter accumulation and even horizontal distribution.The vertical distribution range of cotton roots in each treatment was 0 ～ 50 cm,and the main aggregation range was 0 ～ 20 cm,accounting for 73.80% ～ 76.91% of the total root weight.The proportion of root weight in the soil layer of 30 ～ 50 cm decreased gradually with the increase of depth,and the water content in the transverse section of the soil treated with daily irrigation was less varied than that of other treatments.The horizontal direction of roots ranged from 0 to 70 cm,and each treatment was significantly water-oriented and concentrated in the narrow row and between the films.The root weight ratio of the narrow row was larger than that between the films． However,the horizontal direction distribution of daily subsurface drip irrigation treatment was relatively uniform.To sum up,the water- saving method of daily subsurface drip irrigation is more beneficial to dry matter accumulation and the root system is more evenly distributed．