Soil hydro-thermal factors are the main factors affecting vegetation restoration, ecological restoration and soil and water conservation in karst areas. And the changes of rainfall is an important and direct factor that cause the changes of soil moisture and temperature. Therefore, through continuous monitoring of soil temperature and moisture at 20cm, 50cm, 80cm and 110cm in different geomorphic locations in peak-cluster depression, combined with meteorological data, this study analyzed and discussed the influence mechanism of rainfall changes on soil temperature and moisture and their mutual coupling relationship in peak-cluster depression region of karst areas. The experimental results are as follows: with the depth of the soil layer, the soil moisture variation coefficient increases, and the variation range of soil temperature decreases. Under the different rainfall events, the soil moisture in the depression is responsive to rainfall. But the soil moisture in the slope is responding to the rainfall above moderate rainfall. The response degree of soil moisture in the slope is more intense than that in the depression. The diurnal characteristics of soil temperature changes only exist in light rainfall or medium rainfall. Under the heavy rainfall or storm rainfall, which shows a gradual downward trend. The correlation between soil moisture and temperature is opposite in the depression and slope.

In the seasonal freeze-thaw area of China, how to efficiently and quickly monitor the soil moisture content of frozen soil is very important. In this study, soil samples were taken from the Shahaoqu irrigation area of Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia. Different soil moisture contents were graded in the laboratory, and the experimental hyperspectral data were obtained by ASD Field Spec 3 spectrometer under frozen and unfrozen conditions. After a series of pre-processing, the original spectral reflectance (REF), first-order differential reflectance (FDR) and second-order differential reflectance (SDR), standard normal variables (SNV) and logarithmic transformation of inverse (LR) were used to construct the soil water content inversion models, including Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Multiple Stepwise Regression (MSR), Support Vecor Machine (SVM), and Unary Linear Regression (ULR). The results showed that the inversion accuracy of the model based on REF, FDR and SDR in the frozen state was lower than that in the unfrozen state. The maximum value of the validation set determination coefficient (Rp ²) of REF was 0.952 of PLSR in the unfrozen state, and the minimum value was 0.621 of ULR in the frozen state. The maximum Rp ² value of FDR was 0.955 of SVM in unfrozen state, and the minimum Rp ² value was 0.618 of MSR in frozen state. The maximum Rp ² value of SDR was 0.858 of SVM in unfrozen state, and the minimum Rp ² value was 0.252 of PLSR in unfrozen state. The inversion accuracy of SNV and LR indexes in unfrozen state was slightly lower than that in frozen state. The maximum Rp ² of SNV was 0.796 of PLSR in frozen state, and the minimum Rp ² of SNV was 0.621 of ULR in unfrozen state. The maximum Rp ² of LR was 0.789 of MSR in frozen state, and the minimum Rp ² of LR was 0.667 of ULR in unfrozen state. The optimal model combination in the unfrozen state was FDR-SVM with Rp ² of 0.955, and the optimal model combination in the frozen state was REF-PLSR with Rp ² of 0.799. The research results can provide some technical support for monitoring soil moisture content by hyperspectral remote sensing technology in frozen soil.

In order to evaluate the applicability of RZWQM2 model to the simulation of silage maize in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Northern China, and to determine a set of model parameters suitable for silage maize in this region. In this study, a two-year field trial was conducted in 2020 and 2021 in Zhangbei County, in the middle of the agro-pastoral ecotone in Northern China. Based on the evapotranspiration data measured by a large lysimeter, meteorological data, soil physical parameters, crop genetic parameters and field management measures, the soil moisture content, crop growth and field evapotranspiration of silage maize in different soil layers during the growth period were simulated. The results showed that: ①RZWQM2 model could simulate the dynamic trend of soil moisture well. The RMSE of soil moisture content in different soil layers (20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm and 80 cm) ranged from 0.019 to 0.029 cm³/cm³, and the d ranged from 0.609 to 0.789. The R ² ranged from 0.717 to 0.940. ② The model simulated the growth of silage maize with good results. The d of plant height of silage maize in 2020 and 2021 was up to 0.919 and 0.952, and the d of leaf area index and biomass were between 0.731 and 0.816. ③ The simulated and measured values of evapotranspiration in the growth period of silage maize increased first and then decreased, and the evapotranspiration reached the maximum at the silking stage, which were 6.550 mm and 8.246 mm, respectively. The evapotranspiration of silage maize in the whole growth period of 2020 and 2021 was 345.145 mm and 353.856 mm, respectively, and the R ² after model simulation were all above 0.790. The RZWQM2 model was suitable for silage maize growth and development in Zhangbei area of agro-pastoral ecotone of Northern China, so this method could be further extended.

In order to explore the relationship between soil structure, nutrients and soil saturated water conductivity under different land use modes in the North China Plain, the soil physical structure characteristics of six types of plots (tree mixed forest, tree pure woodland, shrub woodland, grassland, orchard, cultivated land) and their relationships with saturated water conductivity were studied. The results show that: the overall soil bulk density of the plots with different land use modes was cultivated land > grassland > orchard > shrub land > pure forest land > mixed forest land. The overall soil moisture content was mixed forest land > pure forest land > shrub land > cultivated land ≈ grassland > orchard. The overall soil total nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus were mixed forest land > pure forest land > shrub land > grassland > orchard > cultivated land. The overall pattern of total soil porosity was mixed forest > shrub forest > pure forest > orchard > grassland > cultivated land. The soil gravel content did not show the overall difference rule, but the soil gravel content of orchard and cultivated land increased with the increase of soil depth. The overall soil saturated water conductivity was mixed forest land > pure forest land > grassland > orchard ≈ cultivated land. Changes in soil bulk density, total soil porosity, soil water content, soil total nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus under different land management were the main factors affecting the characteristics of soil saturated water conductivity. The smaller the soil bulk density, the higher the soil total porosity, soil water content, soil total nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus, the higher the soil saturated water conductivity. The important influence of land use management and human disturbance on soil properties and saturated water conductivity should not be ignored in the future research.

In order to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of drought in Yunnan, based on the Penman-Monteith method, the potential evapotranspiration of different periods and regions in Yunnan Province since 1961 were calculated. The difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, i.e., water budget, was used as a meteorological drought analysis index to analyze the inter-annual variation, spatial variation differences, mutation, and periodic variation characteristics of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and water budget. The results show that there are significant spatiotemporal and inter-annual differences in the changes of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and water budget in Yunnan. Water deficit in winter and spring is perennial, seasonal drought is obvious, and the overall water surplus in early summer is significant. Since 1961, the precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in winter, spring, early summer and each year have shown a decreasing trend. Due to the large differences in the change rate, the variation trend of water surplus and deficit is different. The annual water deficit showed a decreasing trend, while the water deficit in winter, spring, and early summer showed an increasing trend. The meteorological drought assessment index based on water budget can better reveal the characteristics of stages and seasonal changes of meteorological drought in Yunnan Province and the trend of meteorological drought since the turn of the century. It has a good application prospect in meteorological drought monitoring and evaluation.

Extreme weather, such as early spring cold injury, sand dust and hail in southern Xinjiang, affected cotton seed germination and seedling development. In order to solve the problem of extreme weather affecting cotton seedling emergence and yield reduction, a small arch shed field experiment was carried out in Hailou Town, Shaya County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang. A total of three different materials of plastic mulch were designed for the experiment, and two treatments without plastic mulch were provided under each type of plastic mulch. Local winter irrigated cotton fields (without small arched plastic mulch and with plastic mulch) were selected as control treatments. A total of seven groups of treatments were used, with three replicates for each treatment. The effects of different treatments on the soil water and thermal microenvironment of the cultivation layer (0~30 cm) of the cotton field, the height and stem diameter of the cotton plant, the dry matter quality of the upper part of the ground, and the emergence rate were analyzed. The results showed that covering the small arched shed with plastic film treatment had a significant warming effect during the seedling stage, and the daily average soil temperature of the 5 cm soil layer treated with plastic film increased by 2.9~4.2 ℃ compared to the treatment without plastic film, and by 3.8~6.3 ℃ compared to CK; The trend of temperature change in the greenhouse under different materials of plastic film was the same, the temperature in the greenhouse with plastic film treatment increased by 0.6~1.65 ℃ compared to that without plastic film treatment, and by 1.2~3.8 ℃ compared to CK treatment; Covering small arched sheds with plastic film treatment had a good water retention effect. The soil moisture content of 0~30 cm treated with plastic film increased by 6.13% to 6.70% compared to untreated soil, and by 1.17% to 4.36% compared to CK; Covering small arched sheds with plastic film of different materials had a significant impact on the accumulation of cotton plant height, stem diameter, and aboveground dry matter quality, and can achieve early emergence. It can be concluded that covering small arched sheds with plastic mulch of different materials can improve the temperature and moisture retention effect of plastic mulch during cotton production. M1 (polyethylene (PE) film) is light, thin, and has good light transmittance. Comprehensive analysis shows that M1W treatment can better exert the temperature and moisture retention effect of plastic mulch, effectively improve seedling emergence rate, and extend the entire growth period of cotton.

Soil moisture (SM) plays an important role in regulating terrestrial-atmospheric water circulation and energy balance. Most of the existing studies have explored the dynamic patterns of SM based on experimental methods. However, the analysis of large-scale regions and long-term SM sequences was limited. Satellite remote sensing monitoring can provide large-area, all-day, all-weather data. The remote sensing soil moisture data from the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) of the European Space Agency (ESA) is a major source of data for studying soil moisture patterns due to its "long time series and high accuracy". It can provide some data support for large-scale agricultural drought assessment and early warning. Therefore, based on the ESA CCI remote sensing soil moisture data from 2000-2015, combined with normalised vegetation index (NDVI) and climate data, etc., this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of soil moisture in Shanxi Province. The correlation analysis method and principal component analysis method were used to discuss the correlation between soil moisture and NDVI, precipitation, air temperature and wind speed, so as to determine the main factors affecting the temporal and spatial changes of soil moisture in Shanxi Province. The results showed that the overall distribution characteristics of soil moisture in Shanxi Province were "low in the south and north, high in the middle", and the spatial distribution characteristics had a certain stability. In recent 16 years, soil moisture change in Shanxi Province showed an insignificant upward trend, with a tendency rate of 0.000 6 a^-1. It was found through correlation analysis that soil moisture was positively correlated with NDVI, precipitation and air temperature, and negatively correlated with wind speed. Combined with principal component analysis, it was determined that the main factors affecting soil water change in Shanxi Province were NDVI and precipitation, followed by air temperature and wind speed.

Water footprint is an important method to evaluate the degree of water exploitation and water pollution caused by human activities. In order to alleviate the water resource problems in Panjin City, this study assessed the efficiency of water resources utilization based on the water footprint of rice production, and explored the allocation and shortage pressure of water and land resources in rice production. The results showed that: ①From 2009 to 2021, the annual mean water footprint per unit mass of rice production in Panjin City was 1.26 m³/kg. From the perspective of water sources, the green water footprint and blue water footprint accounted for a large proportion of the total water footprint. ②Panjin City has a high degree of water resources utilization, which shows as no water resources pressure in most years, high degree of water resources exploitation and gradual increase of the economic value of the same amount of water consuming. ③The mean matching coefficient of water and land resources considering resources quantity was 0.375×10⁴ m³/hm², and mean matching coefficient considering resources quality was 0.273×10⁴ m³/hm², indicating that the impact of agricultural production on the quantity of resources in Panjin is greater than the impact of quality. ④On the whole, the scarcity of water resource shortage is higher than that of land resource. Based on the perspective of production, the scarcity of land resource is significant restricted by economic factors, while social, economic, environmental factors has less impact on the scarcity of water. The research results can promote the efficient utilization of agricultural water, improve the utilization rate of water resources and promote the rational allocation of agricultural water and land resources to realize the sustainable use of regional water resources.

The global solar radiation (R _s) model is the simplest method for estimating surface energy, which is of great significance for regional ET ₀ management, water resources, and solar energy utilization. In this study, daily data from 47 representative meteorological stations in northern China from 1994 to 2016 were selected, and the temperature models (T1, T2, and T3), sunshine duration models (N1, N2, and N3), and a hybrid model (M1) were optimized by using the fish swarm algorithm to evaluate the simulation accuracy of the global solar radiation models at daily and monthly scales. The results showed that: at the daily scale, the sunshine duration models (N1-N3) had the highest accuracy, followed by the temperature models (T1-T3), and the hybrid model was relatively poor (M1), with R² values of 0.90~0.93, 0.64~0.78, and 0.80~0.90, respectively, and MAE values of 1.47~1.95 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, 2.51~4.33 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, and 4.88~6.28 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, respectively. At the monthly scale, the sunshine duration models (N1-N3) had the highest accuracy, followed by the hybrid model (M1) and the temperature models (T1-T3), with R² values of 0.94~0.97, 0.92~0.95, and 0.86~0.95, respectively, and MAE values of 25.45~44.29 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, 36.21~102.73 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, and 101.25~144.56 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, respectively. Therefore, the sunshine duration model can be recommended for simulating global solar radiation.

In order to solve the problems of non-standard preparation process and low product performance of porous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe, a kind of low-cost and excellent microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe was prepared by slip casting method, with clay as skeleton material, slag as pore-making agent and sodium silicate as deflocculant. The effects of clay particle size and slag content on porosity, linear shrinkage, curvature, flexural strength, permeability coefficient and flow rate of microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe were analyzed. By taking large flexural strength, small linear shrinkage and curvature and appropriate porosity as the optimization criteria, the optimal raw material formula of microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipes was selected. The results show that with the increase of clay particle size, the linear shrinkage, curvature and flexural strength of the microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe will decrease, the porosity and permeability coefficient will increase, and the flow rate will increase. With the increase of slag content, the flexural strength of microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe will decrease, the porosity, linear shrinkage, curvature and permeability coefficient will increase, and the flow rate will increase. There is a power function relationship between the permeability coefficient and the porosity of microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe. By comprehensive comparison, when the clay particle size is 0.18~0.355 mm and slag content is 15%, the microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe has the best performance. In such conditions, the microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe has the porosity of 33.9%, the linear shrinkage of 3.98%, the curvature of 0.95°, the flexural strength of 8.6 MPa, the permeability coefficient of 0.36 cm/h, and the flow rate of 6.12 L/(h·m) under 10 kPa working pressure. This kind of microporous ceramic infiltration irrigation pipe has both excellent material properties and hydraulic performance, which can better meet the requirements of field use.

The water source of Yellow-river diversion irrigation has a high sediment content, which can cause erosion and wear, leading to structural deformation of sprinkler head, and resulting in a reduction of irrigation quality of sprinkler system. To study the erosive wear law of refracting sprinkler, this paper combined laboratory testing and numerical simulation to analyze the erosive position and rate under different working conditions, and to verify the high accuracy of numerical simulation. On this basis, the relationship between cone angle height, runner length, inlet flow rate, sand content and sprinkler duration were studied by using regression analysis. The results indicate that the erosion of the sprinkler is primarily concentrated in the cone corner of the blue spray disc, the bulge of the flow channel, and the water distribution platform. The erosion rate of sprinkler increases with the increase of inlet velocity. With an increase in irrigation duration, the cone angle height of spray disc decreases continuously. When the inlet flow rate increases from 9.87 m/s to 21.65 m/s, the cone angle height of spray disc decreases from 2.80 mm to 2.48 mm, 2.39 mm, 2.32 mm, 2.25 mm and 2.23 mm in 48 h irrigation time, representing a decrease of 20.36%. With the increase of inlet velocity, the length of passage decreases gradually due to abrasion, from 10.50 mm to 8.88 mm, 8.30 mm, 7.82 mm, 7.71 mm and 7.11 mm, respectively, representing a decrease of 32.29%. There is a linear relationship between the height of the cone angle and the length of the runner and time. The numerical simulation method can be used to study the erosion rule of the refraction sprinkler and provide a reference for the failure prediction of the sprinkler.

Irrigation and drainage are important hydraulic engineering measures for reducing salt content in saline and alkaline soil, which have been widely used and played an important role in coastal soil improvement. However, research on the use of biological and engineering measures to improve coastal saline and alkaline soil is relatively scarce. In order to find out the cooperative improvement scheme of plant and engineering in coastal saline alkali land, this study designed different subsurface pipe layout modes with 0.9 m (D1), 1.2 m (D2) buried depth and 15 m (S1), 20 m (S2) spacing. At the same time, sunflower (Y) and non sunflower (N) treatments were set up to observe the response laws of soil moisture content, total salt content in soil profile, sunflower growth and yield under different concealed pipe layout schemes. The results showed that the smaller distance between the subsurface pipes and the shallower buried depth led to the lower soil moisture content in general. Planting sunflowers was conducive to improving the soil moisture content of the surface layer during the growth period, especially in the late growth period; planting sunflower on the basis of subsurface drainage significantly reduced the salt content of 0~100 cm layer in saline alkali land. The average salt content of soil treated with sunflower at maturity was 2.27~2.74 g/kg, while that of soil treated without sunflower was 2.81~3.09 g/kg; the overall performance of sunflower showed that highest plant height and stem diameter was detected in D1S1Y, which reached 183 cm and 38.1 mm respectively at 120 days after transplanting, while D2S2Y was at the lowest level, which was 162 cm and 32.7 mm respectively; different arrangement of concealed pipes had different effects on sunflower yield, among which D1S1Y treatment obtained the highest yield, reaching 2.73 t/hm², which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of D2S2Y treatment; D1S1Y has the optimal salt removal effect in the main root zone, with the salt reduction efficiency of 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm reaching 50.3% and 43.4% respectively. In conclusion, it is recommended to plant sunflowers with a buried depth of 0.9 m and a spacing of 15 m as the appropriate saline-alkali soil improvement scheme.

In order to improve the accuracy of annual precipitation prediction, a Gaussian process regression (GPR) prediction model based on wavelet packet transform (WPT), peacock optimization algorithm (POA), sand cat optimization (SCSO) algorithm, and cheetah optimization (CO) algorithm was proposed and applied to the research of annual precipitation prediction in Wenshan Prefecture. Firstly, through using WPT, the precipitation time series from 1956 to 2021 was decomposed into one periodic component and three fluctuation components. Secondly, the principles of POA, SCSO, and CO algorithms were briefly introduced, POA, SCSO, and CO were used to optimize GPR hyperparameters, and the models of WPT-POA-GPR, WPT-SCSO-GPR and WPT-CO-GPR were established. Finally, the three established models were used to predict the periodic and fluctuating components of annual precipitation, and the predicted results of the four components were added and reconstructed to obtain the final prediction results. The support vector machine (SVM) based WPT-POA-SVM, WPT-SCSO-SVM, WPT-CO-SVM models, RBF neural network based WPT-POA-RBF, WPT-SCSO-RBF, WPT-CO-RBF models, and the unoptimized WPT-GPR model were constructed for comparative analysis. The results show that: ①The average absolute percentage error MAPE of the WPT-POA-GPR, WPT-SCSO-GPR, and WPT-CO-GPR models for predicting annual precipitation is 0.52%, 0.46%, and 0.48%, respectively. The average absolute error MAE is 5.80 mm, 5.31 mm, and 5.25 mm, respectively. The root mean square error RMSE is 8.20 mm, 7.72 mm, and 7.83 mm, respectively, with a certainty coefficient DC>0.99. The prediction effect is superior to the other seven models, with higher prediction accuracy and better generalization ability. ②POA, SCSO, and CO can effectively optimize GPR hyperparameters and significantly improve GPR prediction performance. ③The three constructed models are universal and can provide reference for research on precipitation and other time series prediction.

In order to reveal the migration and distribution law of soil available nutrients in soil layer under micro-moist irrigation and screen out the suitable fertilization mode for facility cucumber planting, the experiment adopted the micro-moist irrigation mode and random block design and set 7 treatments low, including concentration inorganic fertilizer (T1), medium concentration inorganic fertilizer (T2), high concentration inorganic fertilizer (T3), low concentration inorganic fertilizer + low concentration biological organic fertilizer (T4), low concentration inorganic fertilizer + medium concentration biological organic fertilizer (T5), low concentration inorganic fertilizer + high concentration biological organic fertilizer (T6) and no fertilizer control (CK). Soil nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, yield and fruit quality were determined. The results show that soluble organic fertilizer combined with inorganic fertilizer in micro-moistened irrigation model can significantly increase the content of available nutrients in 0~40 ㎝ soil and promote the absorption of available nutrients by cucumber plants. Reducing the content of nitrate nitrogen and available potassium in 40~60 ㎝ soil has no significant effect on the content of available phosphorus in 40~60 ㎝ soil. Compared with CK treatment, T6 (low concentration inorganic fertilizer + high concentration biological organic fertilizer) treatment increased production by 69.27%, VC content by 29.68%, soluble sugar content by 55.91%, soluble protein content by 32.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in yield between T6 treatment and T3 (high concentration inorganic fertilizer) treatment, and the nitrate content was reduced by 15.97%. Soluble biological organic fertilizer combined with inorganic fertilizer can be well combined with micro-moist irrigation technology, which can not only achieve high yield but also reduce the risk of environmental pollution caused by fertilization, so as to achieve the purpose of saving water and fertilizer and protecting the ecological environment. Considering the yield and quality of cucumber fruit, T6 treatment was the most suitable fertilization mode for cucumber planting in micro-irrigation facilities.

Drought stress is a significant factors limiting crop growth. Drought has resulted in significant crop yield loss in the context of global warming, which has threatened global food security. To address this issue, real-time monitoring of crop water content in the production process is required to guide rational irrigation. Simultaneously, it is critical to accelerate the development of drought-tolerant and drought-resistant crop types in order to assure the sustainable and stable development of agriculture under drought stress. Crop growth monitoring based on high-throughput phenotypic technology has advanced significantly in recent years with the integration of remote sensing, spectral, and machine learning technologies. This has made it possible to quickly, accurately, and non-destructively study crop water content on a large scale under drought stress. The use of high-throughput phenotypic technology in crop drought stress is beneficial for guiding precision irrigation, improving crop water use efficiency, and assisting breeders in speedily screening drought-tolerant crop varieties and improving high-quality crops. The idea of high-throughput phenotypic technology and its application advancement in crop drought stress were thoroughly evaluated in this work to provide a reference for future research.

In order to find out the influence of different upper and lower limits of irrigation water under the new root zone irrigation technology in extreme arid areas on soil water distribution, grape growth dynamics, yield and irrigation water use efficiency, in this study, the new root zone irrigation technology (RI) was adopted and the ground ditch irrigation (FI) was used as a control, and three upper and lower limits of irrigation water (W1: 50%~80%, W2: 60%~90%, W3: 70%~100%) were set. The results showed that: compared with furrow irrigation, the water distribution on both sides of furrow and ridge of root zone irrigation treatment was more uniform in horizontal direction; In vertical direction, the average soil water content of 40~80 cm soil layer under root zone irrigation was 2.98%~6.76% higher than that under furrow irrigation, which promoted the infiltration of irrigation water into the middle and deep layers; Under the same irrigation mode, soil moisture content increased with the increase of upper and lower irrigation limits. The effects of irrigation methods, upper and lower limits of irrigation and their interaction on the growth of grape shoots and fruits reached a very significant level (P<0.01). The irrigation amount of RIW2 treatment was 30.08% lower than that of FIW3 treatment, the length of new shoots was reduced by 20.32%, the weight of single fruit was increased by 22.90%, and the yield was increased by 8.21%. The yield and water use efficiency of root zone irrigation treatment were shown as RIW2>RIW3>RIW1. Compared with furrow irrigation, the irrigation water use efficiency of root zone irrigation technology was increased by 27.40%~42.64%, and the effect of water saving and yield increase was significant. In consideration of grape growth, yield, irrigation water use efficiency, etc., the optimal upper and lower limit of irrigation water under root zone irrigation technology is 60% to 90% of field holding capacity. The study results can provide theoretical and technical basis for formulating scientific irrigation scheme for grape industry in extreme arid areas.