To better understand the daily phreatic evaporation during both the freeze-thaw and non-freeze-thaw periods in the bare ground of black soil and yellow moist soil in the Huaibei plain, and to compare it with the results of the calculations of the annual periods, this paper proposes a correction formula for calculating daily phreatic evaporation in three different time periods for the two different soils. The formula is based on 62 sets of observations from evaporation and seepage instrument, which measured the groundwater burial depth between 0~5 m at the Wudaogou Experimental Station from 2006 to 2022. The non-linear least squares method was used to obtain the threshold h_m and the parameter n for the limit depth of submerged evaporation. The results showed that: ①The corrected formula for calculating daily diving evaporation for both soils improved the accuracy by 0.9% to 10.2% compared to direct calculation with evaporation from water surface（E₆₀₁）; ②the calculation of daily phreatic evaporation using the freeze-thaw and non-freeze-thaw periods significantly improved the accuracy of the calculation compared with that using the annual period. There were variations in the calculation accuracy between the two soil types,with 66.7% improvement in the freeze-thaw period and 122.8% improvement in the non-freeze-thaw period for black soil; 1.3% improvement in the freeze-thaw period and 2.6% improvement in the non-freeze-thaw period for yellow tide soil. ③The threshold values for the freeze-thaw period for black soil and yellow moist soil were 0.96 and 1.18 for h_m and 2.082 and 2.830 for parameter n, respectively; the threshold values for the non-freeze-thaw period were 1.39 and 1.69 for h_m and 2.236 and 0.719 for parameter n. The threshold values calculated using annual time periods were 1.23 and 1.66 for h_m and 2.758 and 0.740 for parameter n, respectively. For practical applications, it is reasonable to take the values for the freeze-thaw and non-freeze-thaw periods.

Evapotranspiration is the main mechanism of water consumption in agricultural oasis in arid areas. Accurately estimating the actual evapotranspiration in the Haba River Basin, analyzing its temporal and spatial variation, and exploring the impact of land use change on actual evapotranspiration are of great significance for the scientific management and efficient utilization of water resources in the basin. Based on the MOD16 remote sensing data set from 2000 to 2020, the actual evapotranspiration in the Haba River Basin was estimated. The Theil-Sen trend degree and Mann-Kendall test method were employed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of actual evapotranspiration in the basin. The land use dynamic degree method was used to explore the degree of land use change in the basin. Combined with the actual evapotranspiration, the difference of ET under different land use types in the basin was revealed, and the water consumption characteristics in the basin were evaluated. The results show that: ①On the temporal scale, the interannual fluctuation of ET is large, and the overall trend is increasing, with an annual growth rate of 1.417 7 mm / a; the annual variation showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and the seasonal difference was obvious. ②On the spatial scale, ET showed a significant spatial difference, showing a distribution pattern of high in the northern mountainous area, low in the southern plain area, high in the middle and upper reaches of the basin, and low in the lower reaches. ③The average ET of different land use types showed forest land > cultivated land > grassland > unused land. ④The average annual water consumption in the study area is 24.53×10⁸ m³. In large-scale areas, MODIS remote sensing data has high applicability. Evapotranspiration in areas with high vegetation coverage such as woodland and cultivated land is significantly higher than that in areas with low vegetation coverage such as desert areas. Affected by human activities, changes in land use types lead to changes in evapotranspiration and water consumption. Water consumption is closely related to vegetation coverage.

Aiming at the water security problems such as uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, frequent floods and droughts and extreme weather intensified, low efficiency of agricultural water use, and serious non-point source pollution in southern China, we will discuss the effects of flood storage and synergistic pollution reduction, particularly in relation to the irrigation and drainage system composed of paddy field, drainage ditch, and pond (also known as field-ditch-pond system ).Our goal is to provide theoretical reference for rainwater storage and water saving and emission reduction in irrigation areas. In this article, we summarize the current research work and development of the field-ditch-pond system at home and abroad for rainwater storage in irrigation areas. We explain the basic theories and key technologies of accepting floods, water conveyance and storage, optimizing water diversion, and collaborative prevention and control of nitrogen and phosphorus loss on the field-ditch-pond system. We also propose the ' virtual reservoir ' model of the field-ditch-pond system and model simulation method of its flood storage effect. At present, the research on water diversion and control in field-ditch-pond systems which still generally stays on the unilateral utility of purifying water quality, and the research on water regulation mainly studies the water balance process of single individual research of paddy field, drainage ditch, pond, but lack the systematic research on joint scheduling of field-ditch-pond system, and also lack systematic thinking and technical means for how to improve the rainwater storage and utilization in the process of grain production in the irrigation area. Future research should further expand and enrich the rainwater storage and utilization and collaborative pollution reduction functions of the field-ditch-pond system, and reveal the water storage potential of the paddy field as an ' invisible reservoir ' and the flood peak shaving and pollution reduction capacity of the field-ditch-pond system.

In order to better systematically review the hotspots and characteristics of soil heavy metal under irrigation conditions, explore the development trend in this field, and provide reference for subsequent research. Scientific knowledge mapping tools such as COOC13.4 and VOSviewer were used to visualize the literature in the field of soil heavy metals under irrigation, with China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science core Collection database (WOS) as data retrieval sources. ①The number of English literature is significantly more than that of Chinese literature, and both show an increasing trend year by year. China occupies a leading position in this field of research (the largest proportion of papers, up to 20.15%). ② The main Chinese core journals include 《Journal of Agro-Environment Science》, and the main English core journals include 《Environmental Science and Pollution Research》. ③There are lots of research teams in this field in China, but the links between the teams are relatively loose. There is frequent cooperation between foreign institutions and author countries. ④Cd pollution, unconventional water irrigation, soil in sewage irrigation areas, source analysis, and soil remediation are still hot issues in Chinese literature. Foreign countries have begun to study at a more micro level, while China is more inclined to develop ecological and environmentally friendly, waste utilization and integrated farming models. At present, the situation of environmental pollution and lack of water resources is still severe, and the study of soil heavy metals under irrigation conditions continues to be a prominent research topic at home and abroad. In the future, ecological friendliness, waste utilization and comprehensive cultivation model will be combined in micro level and nano level.

In the Ningxia region, the traditional paddy fields in the Yellow River irrigation area have been drying out, and a large proportion of cultivated land has become salinized, leading to decreased land productivity. In this research, we focused on studying the impact of different soil water levels (high 100%, medium 80% and low 60% field water holding capacity) and salt levels (light 1.2 g/kg, medium 3.1 g/kg and heavy 5.3 g/kg) on rice yield composition and rice quality for Fuyuan 4 (96D10). The study was conducted using two irrigation method: drip irrigation and dry farming. The results showed that water and salt stress had a significant effect on rice yield and its components, which was expressed as high-water light salt > high-water salt. The 1 000-grain weight of W3S3 decreased by 15.89% (2021) and 15.58% (2022) compared with W1S1. The seed-filling rate of W3S3 was significantly lower than that of W1S1 by 3.45% (2021) and 4.05% (2022). The rice yield of W3S3 was significantly lower than that of W1S1 by 56.48% (2021) and 63.09% (2022). The head rice rate of W3S3 was significantly lower than that of W1S1 by 12.65% (2021) and 13.56% (2022). The chalky rice rate of W3S3 was significantly higher than that of W1S1 by 164.71% (2021) and 122.73% (2022). The amylose content of W3S3 was significantly lower than that of W1S1 by 5.97% (2021) and 8.99% (2022). The protein content of W3S3 was significantly higher than that of W1S1 by 53.51% (2021) and 61.82% (2022). To achieve the goal of water saving, using drip irrigation dry farming to plant rice while maintaining a field water holding rate of 80%, and a soil environment with light and moderate salinization (≤4.0 g/kg), can help achieve the yield composition level and improve the quality of rice even with limited irrigation. The conclusion of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable utilization of saline-alkali land and the adaptability of water-saving irrigation in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area.

Multi-scenario simulation of land use evolution provides reference for land management and promotes regional high-quality development in Dawenhe River Basin. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and related driving mechanisms of land use in Dawen River Basin over the past 30 years. The analysis is based on land use data from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. To identify the driving factors, 12 variables were selected from three aspects: geographical environment, social economy, and transportation network. Three scenarios of ecological protection, arable land priority and economic development were set up. The PLUS model was used to simulate the spatial distribution of land use in 2030 in the study area, and the simulation differences among the scenarios were compared and analyzed. The results indicate that: ①In the past 30 years, there has been a significant decrease in the area of cultivated land, reaching 630 km2; Building land area continued to grow and increased significantly, accounting for 8.8% to 16.7%. ②The Kappa coefficient of land use simulation results in 2020 was 0.89, and the total accuracy was 93.15%, both exceeding the standard. The PLUS model met the requirements for land use simulation in the Dawenhe River Basin. ③Based on the simulation results of the three scenarios, it is found that under the cultivated land priority scenario, the total cultivated land area is effectively protected, the growth of building land area is relatively limited, and the ecological environment and economic construction are well guaranteed. Therefore, the cultivated land priority scenario aligns more closely with the imperatives of sustainable development in the Dawenhe River Basin.

Exploring the interaction between land use types and hydrological processes in the basin can provide a scientific basis for the management of water and soil resources and the prevention of drought and flood disasters in the basin under changing environment. This paper analyzed the land use changes in Liuyang River Basin from 1990 to 2019, using data of land use, rainfall and evaporation., The study uses dynamic degree, new land use change model and cross wavelet analysis to examine the relationship between land use and key hydrological factors. The results showed that the forest area accounted for 69.12 %~76.64 % of the total area of the basin, decreasing overtime, while the urban land use consistently expanded. The transfer of land use mainly occurred between forest, cultivated land and urban land. During the process of land use type transformation in Liuyang River Basin, the new land use change model can accurately identify the underlying characteristics of inhibition and tendency. The model highlights the transformation of forest land to cultivated land as having an absolute tendency towards change. There was no obvious linear relationship between the annual rainfall and the main land use types within the basin, while there was a significant linear correlation between evaporation and forest, cultivated land and urban land. The grey correlation index between annual rainfall, annual evaporation and main land use types ranged from 0.498 2 to 0.809 7, and the nonlinear correlation was significant. The change of cultivated land area will significantly promote the change of annual rainfall and annual evaporation, while the forest area is significantly affected by the key hydrological factors of the basin. The land use types in the Liuyang River Basin have changed, and these changes interact and mutually influence the key hydrological factors.Optimizing the land use mode of the basin can open up a new way to alleviate the meteorological and hydrological disasters in the basin.

With the escalation of global warming, umerous regions have experienced a surge in extreme drought occurrences.To investigate the frequency and risk of extreme drought events in Guangxi, this study utilizes the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) calculated from daily precipitation and temperature data from 1950 to 2022 to identify drought events. It incorporates the Disaster Risk Assessment theory, which includes socio-economic and agricultural data, to assess the risk of drought. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine the weights of different indicators. By implementing these approaches, a drought disaster risk assessment model for Guangxi is constructed. Furthermore, a drought disaster risk zoning map for Guangxi is generated. The results reveal that areas with higher drought hazard index are mainly distributed in regions such as Baise, Yulin, and Beihai. The environmental vulnerability index exhibits a notable distribution pattern where the north demonstrates higher vulnerability indices compared to the south, with a higher vulnerability index in areas like Baise, Hechi, and Guilin, and a decreasing trend towards the south. The vulnerability index of the exposed population and assets is generally low, with only some areas in Nanning, Guilin, and Yulin showing relatively higher vulnerability. The disaster prevention and mitigation capacity index shows a characteristic distribution of high values in the northwest and low values in the southeast. The areas with high index values are mainly located in Nanning, Yulin, and Liuzhou, with sporadic distribution in other areas as well. Overall, the distribution of drought risk in Guangxi showcases a pattern of higher risk in the west and lower risk in the east, as well as higher risk in the north and lower risk in the south. The high-risk areas are primarily located in cities such as Baise, Guilin, and Nanning, while the areas of relatively higher risk are concentrated in the western part of Hechi, as well as in Yulin, Qinzhou, Laibin, the northern part of Chongzuo, and the northern part of Liuzhou. Conversely, the areas with lower risk predominantly span the southern part of Chongzuo to Beihai, as well as the region from Hezhou to Wuzhou. This study provided a more precise understanding of the spatial distribution of drought hazards in Guangxi, thereby offering a solid basis for drought response and mitigation efforts in the region.

Based on provincial-level panel data from 13 major grain-producing areas in China from 2002 to 2021, the location Gini coefficient and Super-SBM model were used to measure the agglomeration degree of grain production and the green efficiency of water use in grain production in these areas. On this basis, the panel model was used to explore the impact of grain production agglomeration on the green efficiency of water use in grain production, and the mediation effect model was used to test the path mechanism. The results indicate that during the research period, the agglomeration degree of grain production in China's major grain producing areas showed an overall upward trend, and the green efficiency of grain production water showed a spatial distribution state of "high in the north and low in the south", with no significant improvement overall. The relationship between the agglomeration degree of grain production and the green efficiency of water use was found to follow an "inverted U-shaped" pattern. Scale management and planting structure adjustment play a mediating effect in the "inverted U-shaped" relationship, and the mediating effect of scale management is greater, while the mediating effect of technological innovation is not significant. Therefore, the government should formulate reasonable policies for grain production agglomeration according to local conditions, guide farmers, organizations, and enterprises to operate on a moderate scale, improve the rationality of planting structure, establish an efficient linkage mechanism between grain production agglomeration and technological innovation, and promote the improvement of green efficiency in water use for grain production.

Analysis of the temporal and spatial scale drought characteristics variations in the Lijiang River Basin from 1980 to 2019, can provide a theoretical basis for meteorological warnings and scientific disaster reduction in the Lijiang River Basin. Monthly precipitation and temperature data from six meteorological stations in the Lijiang River Basin were utilized to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at different time scales, and the Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt mutation test were used to further study drought mutations, drought frequency, and drought duration. The results showed that the drought events in the Lijiang River Basin were mainly mild and moderate drought. Spatially, the drought frequency was higher in Lingchuan, and 2015 was a mutation point in the drought situation in the Lijiang River Basin. At different time scales, spring and autumn gradually became drought-prone, while summer was relatively humid, and there was no significant trend in the winter. The SPEI values at the monthly and annual scales varied relatively steadily. The analysis of the causes showed that the decreasing annual rainfall and increasing average temperature in spring and autumn caused the basin to tend towards drought, but combined with summer meteorological data, both rainfall and average temperature showed an increasing trend at the annual scale, resulting in no overall dry trend in the basin and a slight humidification at a slow rate.

To investigate the effects of different water and fertilizer treatments on phosphorus absorption and utilization, yield, and root dry matter of rice, the experiment was conducted from May to September 2020 in the lysimeters at the Zhanghe Irrigation District of Hubei Province. Rice variety Y Liangyou 957 was chosen as the experimental material, and two irrigation modes were established: Continuous Flooding (W1) and Alternate Wetting and Drying (W2). Additionally, two types of fertilization were used: conventional fertilization (N1) and fertilization using slow-release fertilizers (N2). Soil samples were collected before soaking fields and after the harvest of the yellow maturity period for soil total phosphorus (TP) analysis. Yield was measured at the yellow maturity period, and plant samples were taken for dry matter weighing and phosphorus content testing of above-ground plants. The results showed that rice yield, phosphorus harvest index (PHI), phosphorus partial factor productivity (PFPP), and root dry matter were the highest under W2N2 treatment, which were 8 566.10 kg/hm², 58.25 %, 214.35 kg/kg and 255.47 g/m², respectively. The rice yield under W2 mode was significantly higher than that of conventional fertilizer (P<0.05), with an increase of 10.85 % (N1) and 11.03 % (N2), respectively. The proportion of phosphorus content in rice organs under different water and fertilizer treatments was as follows: panicle > leaf and stem, and phosphorus would gradually accumulate in panicle. Under the same fertilization type, the proportion of phosphorus content in the stem and leaf of W2 mode was higher than that of W1, while the proportion of phosphorus content in the panicle was lower than that of W1. Under the same irrigation mode, the phosphorus content of plant grain under N2 condition was 4.50 % (W1) and 1.54 % (W2) higher than that of N1. The content of TP in paddy soil after the harvest of the yellow maturity period was higher than before soaking fields. After the harvest, the content of TP in paddy soil under N2 was 3.70 % (W1) and 6.25 % (W2) higher than that under N1, and the content of TP in paddy soil under W2 was 13.33 % (N1) and 15.63 % (N2) higher than that under W1. In conclusion, the implementation AWD coupled with slow-release fertilizer was found to be effective in promoting the absorption of phosphorus in rice, resulting in higher yields.

To　provide a reference for straw resource utilization and water and fertilizer management, researches on straw management and technology of water and fertilizer support are necessary. . In this study, we compared and analyzed the effects and changes of different factors on mustard growth. These factors include straw burial depth (0 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm), irrigation amount (17 mm, 21 mm, 25 mm), and nitrogen application amount (230 kg/hm², 287 kg/hm², 344 kg/hm²). We looked at the impact on SPAD, photosynthetic parameters, fluorescence parameters, yield, dry matter quality, IWUE, and PFPN of mustard. Our analysis helped us determine the optimal straw burial depth and water-nitrogen combination for mustard growth. We also identified the influencing factors and explained the reasons behind each index. The results indicated that nitrogen application rate and straw burial depth were the primary and secondary influencing factors for photosynthesis (except Ci ), yield, dry matter weight(except root dry matter weight), and PFPN of mustard. Both factors have significant effects (P < 0.05). Increasing nitrogen application rate and straw burial depth by 20 cm increases photosynthesis, yield, and IWUE of mustard significantly. Irrigation amount has an inverse significant effect on IWUE (P < 0.01), but no significant effect on other growth indicators of mustard (P > 0.05). The PFPN is inversely proportional to the nitrogen application rate, and effect of straw interlayer on PFPN is superior to straw mulching. Therefore, a straw burial depth of 20 cm promoted the growth, yield, and water-fertilizer utilization efficiency of mustard, while the effect of a straw burial depth of 10 cm is poorer. Under the condition of straw returning, 80%~120% I_w has no obvious effect on the growth and yield of mustard. Properly increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer could enhance the growth and yield of mustard, but a 20% increase has no significant effect. The results show that the optimal combination for mustard growth is a straw burial depth of 20 cm, an irrigation amount of 17 mm and a nitrogen application rate of 287 kg/hm². This combination could achieve efficient utilization of straw, increase the yield and efficiency of mustard, and save water for irrigation.

A field experiment was conducted from October 2021 to June 2022 at Luquan Comprehensive Experimental Station of Shijiazhuang National Semi-Arid Center in Hebei Province. The aim of the experiment was to explore the impact of micro-sprinkler water and fertilizer integration on water consumption characteristics and yield of winter wheat. The result of the experiment will provide a scientific basis for the development of a suitable water and fertilizer management system of winter wheat. The experiment conducted in this study involved three irrigation levels (W1, W2, W3) and three nitrogen application levels (N1, N2, N3). Irrigation was performed when the control plot reached the lower limit of field capacity (60±2% FC from regreening to jointing, 70±2% FC from jointing to maturity), and the irrigation amount was recorded as I (W3). Three nitrogen levels were N3 (220 kg/hm²), N2 (160 kg/hm²) and N1 (100 kg/hm²). The results show that the total water consumption of winter wheat was 406.00 mm~479.11 mm. The proportion of each component of water consumption in the whole growth period of winter wheat is as follows: the proportion of soil water supply is the largest, 48.86%~57.35%; followed by irrigation water, 25.24%~39.38%; the lowest is precipitation, 13.65%~16.11%. The yield of winter wheat increased by 1.60%~15.30% with the increase of irrigation level and increased by 1.40%~10.02% with the increase of nitrogen application level. The water use efficiency increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation level, and the maximum value was 2.03 kg/m³ under W2 treatment. With the increase of nitrogen application level, it increased first and then stabilized, and the maximum value was 1.99 kg/m³ under N2 treatment. The partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased first and then tended to be stable with the increase of irrigation level, and decreased by 26.25%~49.98% with the increase of nitrogen application level. Compared with W3N3, W2N2 had no significant difference in yield under the condition of 20% reduction in water and nitrogen input, and the water use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity were 6.09% and 34.27% higher than W3N3, respectively. It indicated that water and nitrogen reduction would not cause a significant decrease in yield and could obtain higher water and nitrogen use efficiency. Considering the yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat, W2N2 (80% I, 160 kg/hm²) was the best combination of irrigation and fertilization.

Facility cultivation requires high input of nitrogen fertilizer, which can lead to excess residue and soil degradation. However, residual nitrogen is also an important soil nitrogen resource. To study the effects of different water regulation schemes on soil residual nitrogen reuse and distribution, this study used ¹⁵N isotope labeling technology to plant two crops of green stem vegetables. The first crop of green stem vegetables was treated with three nitrogen application levels (N1: 150 kg/hm², N2: 225 kg/hm², 300 kg/hm², N3: ¹⁵NH₂CO₂ ¹⁵NH₂), and the second crop of green stem vegetables was treated with three lower water limits schemes (accounting for W1: 60%, W2: 70%, and W3: 80% of the field water capacity) to observe the distribution, reuse, and balance of residual nitrogen under different treatments. The research results indicate that a total of 72.3, 123.6, and 195.3 kg/hm² of nitrogen fertilizer remained in the 0~60 cm soil under N1-N3 treatment, mainly in the mineral form. When examining the residual nitrogen scenarios of N1, N2, and N3, it was observed that the W2 treatment had the highest fresh root weight, with values of 0.182, 0.188, and 0.195 g/plant, respectively. The W2N1 treatment obtains the highest residual nitrogen utilization efficiency, reaching 5.4%, among different treatments. Under the same soil nitrogen residue conditions, the residual nitrogen utilization efficiency of W2 treatment was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of W1 and W3. The higher the nitrogen application rate in the previous crop caused the greater the risk of residual nitrogen fertilizer loss during the subsequent crop cultivation process. The higher the lower limit of water control, the easier residual nitrogen is to migrate to the soil layer below 40 cm, leading to the greater the loss. Compared with W1, the loss of residual nitrogen in W3 treatment was increased by 22.9%~40.0% (2.29~6.97 kg/hm²). In summary, this study recommends a 70% lower limit of water control as the optimal water regulation scheme to improve residual nitrogen utilization efficiency.

In order to determine the suitable irrigation indicators for overwintering tomato crops in the solar greenhouse in Hotan Prefecture and provide a theoretical basis for scientific irrigation of facility agriculture in the area, irrigation experiments were conducted in the Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Kunyu City, Xinjiang from October 2020 to April of the following year, using tomato "Fenbaoli" as the material. Four lower soil moisture limit treatments T1, T2, T3, and CK (45%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of the field water holding capacity, respectively) were set up, comprehensive evaluation and optimization of drip irrigation schemes were made using the TOPSIS method. Research has shown that compared with CK treatment, T3 lower water limit treatment can increase tomato yield by 7.5%, while T1 treatment has the lowest tomato yield. As the lower limit of tomato water content increases, the irrigation amount increases, and the irrigation water use efficiency and water use efficiency significantly decrease. Lowering the lower water limit had a significant impact on the content of soluble solids (TSS), soluble sugars, Vc, titratable acids, and fruit hardness of tomatoes (P<0.05). Using the TOPSIS method, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted on tomato yield, water use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency, and quality. It was found that the optimal water limit for drip irrigation of overwintering tomatoes in this region was T3 (70% field holding) treatment.

To investigate the slow-release performance of biochar-coated urea and its effect on soil nitrogen fixation, three types of biochar-coated urea were prepared from poplar biochar prepared at 300 ℃, 500 ℃ and 700 ℃ as the coating material, and the nitrogen release characteristics were analyzed by the intermittent soil column leaching test. The results show that poplar biochar has a certain adsorption effect on ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, and the biochar prepared at low pyrolysis temperature has a better adsorption effect on ammonium nitrogen. Compared with urea, the total nitrogen leaching amount of biochar-coated urea decreased by 9.73%~14.67%, the leaching amount of ammonium nitrogen decreased by 25.28%~30.36%, and the nitrate nitrogen leaching decreased by 10.34%~18.38%. At the same nitrogen application level, the content of ammonium nitrogen in soil increased by 66.4%~200.1%, and nitrate nitrogen in soil increased by 477.9%~537.6%. Therefore, biochar as the coating material for fertilizers has broad application prospects.