The study on the influence of vegetation types on soil infiltration characteristics and surface water roughness can provide a theoretical basis for the optimization analysis of field irrigation technical parameters. Based on the border irrigation experiment in the experimental station of the Yellow River irrigation area in Jia Makou, Shanxi Province, and the Kostiakov-Lewis three-parameter infiltration model, along with the water balance equation and Manning's formula, the infiltration parameters and roughness were solved using the single-point calibration method, mean calibration method, and combined calibration method. The reliability of the method in obtaining parameters is analyzed by simulation of surface irrigation water flow with the zero-inertia model-based software WinSRFR4.1. The results showed that the determination coefficient R ² of soil infiltration parameters and surface flow roughness obtained by the combined parametric method is above 0.97, and the fitting accuracy is high. The Z ₉₀ (cumulative infiltration of soil for 90 minutes) and roughness of a maize field, the apple tree field and the peach tree field are respectively 91.7 mm, 0.030，88.9 mm, 0.079，and 115.9 mm, 0.138. In the experimental region, the Z ₉₀ of annual plants is significantly higher than that of the perennial plants. The vegetation types have significant effects on the soil infiltration characteristics. In view of the fact that the combined parameter method weakens the spatial variability of soil infiltration parameters to the greatest extent, and the fitting accuracy is higher than that of the single-point parameter method and the mean parameter method, the combined parameter method is considered to be the best, and the verification results further prove the conclusion.

In this study, the month-by-month SPEI index for the period 1961-2020 is used to characterize the meteorological drought in Xinjiang, China. The spatial and temporal characteristics of meteorological droughts in Xinjiang are studied by the Sen's slope estimation method, MK test method, Hurst index and R/S analysis method, continuous wavelet transform, and REOF. The results show that spatially, most of Xinjiang is in a state of drought during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons. Drought conditions in southern Xinjiang intensified during the winter. Drought conditions have eased in the north. In time, the seasonal scale SPEI variation is markedly volatile, showing alternating wet and dry trends. The SPEI oscillation cycles across seasons are concentrated in the period 1961-2011, but the cycle lengths are not consistent. REOF divides the dry and wet conditions of the Xinjiang region into four sub-regions, with some variation in spatial distribution. The coupled Sen's slope estimation method and the Hurst index indicate that drought intensifies in most parts of Xinjiang during spring and autumn. Conversely, drought conditions usually alleviate during winter.

In order to effectively improve the calculation accuracy of reference crop evapotranspiration(ET ₀) in Weihe River basin, daily meteorological data in the past 58 years (1960-2017) were collected from twenty meteorological stations in the basin and it’s vicinity. 16 ET ₀ calculation models were developed based on multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) using different combinations of meteorological elements. These models were compared with Hargreaves-Samani, Irmark-Allen and Makkink, which applicability were evaluated. The results indicated that non-linear relation between ET ₀ and each input factor can be well captured by MARS model. The simulation accuracy of MARS2 model established by inputting T _max, T _min and R _a can meet the usage requirements(MAE=0.225 mm/d, RMSE=0.327 mm/d, R ²=0.897). With the increase of meteorological elements, the simulation accuracy of MARS model is improved. If R _a is added to the input factors, it is a significant improvement in model accuracy. The simulation accuracy of MARS model is higher than that of Hargreaves-Samani, Irmark Allen, and Makkink models when same input condition. The MARS model exhibited strong generalization ability and portability in the Weihe River Basin. Therefore, the model based on multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model is recommended model for the calculation of ET ₀ in the Weihe basin in the absence of meteorological data.

This study aims to investigate the evapotranspiration patterns of wetland lotus and their associations with meteorological factors. We utilized a large-scale integrated evaporimeter-lysimeter system and experimental plots to measure the daily evapotranspiration of lotus at different growth stages, and analyzed its relationships with daily net radiation (R_n ), mean temperature (T), wind speed at 2 m height (U ₂), saturation vapor pressure deficit (VPD), mean humidity (RH) and rainfall. The results from the evaporimeter-lysimeter and plot experiments showed that the evapotranspiration of lotus displayed an “inverted U-shaped” curve during the growth period, with the highest daily evapotranspiration (15.25~18.91 mm) in the flowering stage, and the lowest daily evapotranspiration (2.18~2.51 mm) in the seedling stage.Significant positive correlations were observed between the evapotranspiration of lotus and R_n, T, U ₂, and VPD, while significant negative correlations were found with RH and rainfall.Principal component analysis demonstrated that two principal components (PCs) extracted from meteorological factors could explain 74.07% of the variation of meteorological factors. Multiple linear regression analysis further revealed that each meteorological factor could account for 76.8% and 74.6% of the variation in lotus evapotranspiration in plots and the evaporimeter-lysimeter, respectively. In summary, the evapotranspiration pattern of lotus was closely related to its growth stage. Among meteorological factors, VPD exhibited the strongest correlation with lotus evapotranspiration, which could enhance lotus evapotranspiration even under high VPD conditions; R_n and T had relatively small correlation with lotus evapotranspiration in seedling or flowering stage; RH mainly affected the interplant evaporation process of lotus; U ₂ and rainfall had relatively small effects on lotus evapotranspiration; the evapotranspiration of lotus could be effectively predicted by various meteorological factors. This study has important implications for scientifically guiding lotus cultivation and improving water use efficiency of lotus.

Given the prevailing dry climate and the complex influence factors of cotton emergence in southern Xinjiang, this study aims to explore an effective treatment approach for cotton emergence under the condition of "dry sowing wet out". A field test was carried out in Hailou Town, Shaya County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang. A total of 5 test treatments were designed, including, single film cover (CT), double film cover (ST), applied modification (GT), drip irrigation (DT), and diffuse winter irrigation (CK) of control group. The experiment incorporated the "water and fertilizer integrated technology", involving the use of a water drop modifier during emergence and mechanical double film coverage during seeding, mechanical. The study assessed the influence of different treatments on soil temperature, moisture content, salt content, seedling emergence rate and yield. Analysis of moisture content in the 0~20 cm soil layer during cotton emergence period revealed the following ranking: ST > GT > DT > CK > CT, with soil moisture content being highest for the double film cover treatment (ST) and lowest for the single film cover treatment (CT). When examining soil moisture content from 0 to 100 cm, the 0 to 30 cm soil layer showed the following moisture content ranking: ST > GT > DT > CK > CT, while there was little difference in soil moisture content below 30 cm. The 5cm soil layer exhibited the highest effective accumulated temperature, while the 15 cm layer demonstrated the least temperature variation, showcasing superior insulation properties. Analysis of the salt content of 0~40 cm soil layer found that the improvement treatment could effectively change the salt of 0~10 cm and 20~30 cm soil layer, but there was no significant difference in the salt of 10~20 cm and 30 cm to 40 cm soil layer compared with the control treatment. Double membrane coating can effectively change the soil salt from 0 to 10 cm, but the salinity varies significantly from 10 to 40 cm compared with the control treatment. In the treatment of dry sowing and wet technology, double film cover treatment can effectively enhance the soil moisture content and temperature of cotton seedling stage, leading to a noteworthy improvement in the seedling emergence rate of cotton. Beyond its impact on cotton seedlings, the double film cover treatment also plays a pivotal role in effectively ameliorating the soil and water environment, and have a soil environment more suitable for that of cotton seedling emergence and growth.

The effects of different irrigation amounts on soil salinity improvement and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient migration were studied by simulating the salt-washing process of saline-alkali farmland. Using indoor soil column simulation method, three different irrigation amounts of 200 mm (S1), 300 mm (S2) and 400 mm (S3) were set to simulate the one-time high-quota irrigation salt washing during the planting process of saline-alkali farmland, and the migration rules of soil salt and nutrients under different irrigation amounts were analyzed. The experimental results showed that: the contents of salt, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil were significantly decreased after irrigation under different irrigation water treatments, and the distribution of such decreases was similar after irrigation. In the three irrigation treatments, the dissolution and removal rates of salt and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were S3>S2>S1. Both S1 and S2 treatments in the bottom soil will lead to the trapping and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, and the depth of the soil layer where nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are trapped and accumulated will gradually deepen with the increase of irrigation amount. However, in the S3 treatment with high irrigation amount, the leaching phenomenon of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients occurs in the entire soil layer. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of soil leaching solutions in the three irrigation treatments increased first and then decreased during the whole leaching cycle. During the whole leaching process, the content of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the leaching solution of S3 treatment was significantly higher than that of S2 and S1 irrigation treatment (p<0.05). The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the migration amount of soil salt and the migration amount of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients (p<0.05), and the migration amount of different nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients also showed a significant relationship (p<0.05). Irrigation has the greatest influence on the salt and nutrients of the soil surface. Among the three irrigation water treatments, 300 mm irrigation water can effectively reduce the soil surface salt and reduce the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss, which is the more suitable water amount for saline-alkali farmland irrigation in this experiment.

In this paper, the typical desert riparian forest is selected as the ecological restoration area for flood diversion irrigation. Based on the aerial remote sensing technology and the real-time monitoring data of groundwater monitoring wells, combined with field investigation, the ecological restoration effect of typical flood diversion irrigation desert riparian forest in Hotan River desert was studied. Multiband water body index (MBWI) and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) were used to evaluate the ecological restoration effect of water body area and vegetation coverage in the study area. The results show that flood diversion irrigation has a certain role in raising groundwater in the ecological restoration area, alleviating the continuous downward trend of groundwater in the year, improving the level of vegetation coverage, increasing the area of high vegetation coverage, and reducing the area of non-vegetation coverage. However, at present, the ecological restoration of flood diversion irrigation has the problems of large ponding area, long ponding time and uneven regional distribution. The location and reasonable operation system of the ecological gate for flood diversion irrigation need to be further studied. The research results can provide reference for ecological restoration of desert riparian forest in inland river basin of arid region.

To investigate and address the impacts of irrigation in winter on soil moisture, temperature, the greening, growth and yield of alfalfa in the following year in arid and semi-arid areas, a suitable irrigation method suitable for high yield of alfalfa in Yijinhuoluoqi area was proposed. In this study, a field experiment was conducted, and the plots without winter irrigation were serving as the control (CK). Two irrigation methods were set, underground drip irrigation (DI) and border irrigation (BI), and the irrigation quota was set to 30 mm. There were 3 experimental treatments, and each treatment was repeated 3 times, with a total of 9 experimental plots. The results showed that winter irrigation had significant effects on soil moisture content and soil temperature in each soil layer during alfalfa greening in the following year. Both subsurface drip irrigation and border irrigation could increase soil moisture content and soil temperature before alfalfa greening, improve the overwintering environment and increase the overwintering rate of alfalfa. The regreening rate of alfalfa in the following year after winter irrigation was 13.77% higher than that in plots without winter irrigation. The regreening rate under drip irrigation was the highest, which was conducive to the improvement of alfalfa yield in the later period. Under the condition of underground drip irrigation in winter, the first crop yield of alfalfa was the highest, the fresh grass yield was 31 020 kg/hm², and the hay yield was 6 150 kg/hm², which increased by 23.32% and 21.67% compared with no winter irrigation treatment, respectively. Considering the effects of winter irrigation on alfalfa growth and soil water and heat in the following year under underground drip irrigation, it is suggested that winter irrigation under underground drip irrigation in the overwintering period of alfalfa in Yijinhuoluoqi area can increase the yield of fresh alfalfa grass in the first crop to 31 020 kg/hm², which is 23.32% higher than that without winter irrigation treatment, and maximize the utilization of water resources.

Drip irrigation is a water-saving irrigation technology with high water-using efficiency. With its attributes of minimal water application and repeated use, it not only conserves water but also enhances agricultural productivity. This method effectively reduce soil evaporation and deep seepage, leading to improve water use efficiency. The high level of automation can reduce labour and operation management costs. Drip irrigation has become one of the important irrigation technologies in water scarce areas in China and abroad. Currently, drip irrigation technology is extensively used in the development of agricultural modernization in China, yet it has some issues. This paper thoroughly examines the current state of drip irrigation technology, its applicability to different crops, the research focus of drip irrigation water conservation technology application, the mechanism of drip irrigation water conservation and fertilizer conservation, and the existing problems are reviewed. A comprehensive analysis from various perspectives is presented, accompanied by recommendations for the future development of drip irrigation technology. The ultimate goal is to provide reference and guidance for the application and research of intelligent drip irrigation technology, and provide theoretical basis to effectively alleviate China agricultural water shortage, realize scientific water use in farmland, and improve crop water use efficiency and the sustainability of agricultural production.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of different water and fertilizer management methods on the yield formation, nitrogen absorption and utilization of machine-transplanted rice from the greening stage to the tillering stage, and to explore the appropriate water and fertilizer management measures for machine-transplanted rice from the greening stage to the tillering stage. In 2022, Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5718 were used as test varieties, and three treatments were set up: multiple water irrigation and drainage during the greening stage, and increasing nitrogen fertilizer during the tillering stage (T1), multiple water irrigation and drainage during the greening stage and no nitrogen fertilizer increasing during the tillering stage (T2), reducing irrigation during the greening stage and non-drainage and no nitrogen fertilizer increasing during the tillering stage (T3). The results showed that different water and fertilizer management methods had significant effects on the yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization of machine- transplanted rice. Compared with T2 treatment, T1 and T3 treatments significantly increased the rice yield by 8.2%~9.5% and 13.3%~13.7%, and the nitrogen accumulation at maturity increased by 7.0%~8.8% and 12.8%~15.2%, respectively (p<0.05). Compared with T1 treatment, under T3 treatment, the number of rice stems and tillers at the jointing stage decreased by 11.4%~11.9%, the percentage of productive tillers increased significantly by 11.3%~12.4%, the leaf area index and dry matter accumulation at the jointing stage significantly decreased by 8.2%~9.3% and 6.3%~8.6%, and there was no significant difference in photosynthetic potential and crop growth rate from heading stage to maturity stage. In terms of yield and its components, there was no significant difference between T1 and T3 treatments (p>0.05). In terms of nitrogen uptake and utilization, there was no significant difference in nitrogen accumulation between T1 and T3 treatments, but the nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen recovery efficiency in T3 treatment were significantly increased by 20.1%~22.2% and 22.7%~23.0% (p<0.05). In summary, high yield and nitrogen use efficiency of transplanted rice could be achieved by reducing irrigation and no drainage during greening stage, and without increasing nitrogen fertilizer application during the tillering stage.

"Converting electricity into water" is the main method for measuring agricultural groundwater mining output in Hebei Province. Accurate estimation of regional pumped well hydropower conversion coefficient is of great significance for optimizing water resource allocation, saving energy and improving efficiency. Based on the monitoring data of 113 agricultural irrigation wells in typical regions, this article determines the main influencing factors of the water and electricity conversion coefficient, and combined with the changes in groundwater depth and well distribution in the province, a precise regional coefficient estimation implementation plan is proposed from the aspects of spatial layout of monitoring wells and reasonable selection of monitoring frequency. Results show that: The depth of groundwater level has a significant impact on the hydropower conversion coefficient, and there is a negative correlation; A reasonable layout plan for monitoring wells with allowable errors of 1%~5% for water output measurement in different regions of the province has been proposed from a regional spatial scale. The larger the water level drop, the more monitoring wells there are, and vice versa; Based on the demand for changes in the decrease/increase of groundwater level during the period of decline and rise within the year, the accuracy of the coefficients on the time scale during the year is ensured by adding monitoring frequencies and other means. From point to surface, achieve precise zoning and time-sharing control of the conversion coefficient of mechanical well water and electricity throughout the province, thereby improving the precise measurement of agricultural water consumption. The research results provide theoretical and technical support for promoting "electricity converted into water" measurement in areas with insufficient measurement facilities in Hebei Province, further enriching the accuracy research theory of "electricity converted into water coefficient" in China.

Smart irrigation relies heavily on pressurized irrigation networks that are easy to operate and manage. However, pressurized irrigation networks must be improved due to high construction and energy consumption costs. Under head loss, irrigation duration, and pipe diameter selection constraints, an annual cost optimization model for a pressurized irrigation network is established. It aims to explore the impact of the maximum design flow velocity on the annual irrigation cost within the range of 2.0~5.0 m/s, optimizing the cost with a step size of 0.1 m/s. In addition, structural adjustments have been made to the genetic algorithm, including abandoning the crossover operator and implementing a double selection operator and a parallel mutation operator. These adjustments improve the algorithm's robustness. The research results show that within the 2.0~2.7 m/s range, the annual irrigation cost gradually decreases with increasing design velocity, resulting in a cost-saving rate of 7.2%. Beyond 2.7 m/s, further increasing the velocity constraint has no significant effect on the annual cost of irrigation. The above conclusion provides a theoretical reference for the design flow velocity selection, which positively affects the cost of pressurized irrigation.

To investigate efficient and precise methods for measuringleaf area index in peanut, this study employed five distinct approaches—namely, the grid method, specific leaf weight method, coefficient method, AutoCAD method and scanning method. Utilizing field survey data, the leaf area index of peanut at different reproductive periods was calculated. The accuracy of the estimation results from the four alternative monitoring methods was evaluated against the scanning method, considered as the control. Additionally, the key technical indicators for the coefficient method and specific leaf weight method for investigating peanut leaf area were also optimized. The results show that the specific leaf weight method stands out for its accuracy, expeditious monitoring capabilities, and operational efficiency. The leaf area index of peanut was monitored by specific leaf weight method. The number of leaf samples at seedling stage, flowering pegging stage, pod setting stage and pod filling stage was 24, 30, 24 and 30, respectively. The relative errors are 4.13 %, 4.07 %, 0.02 % and 0.13 %, respectively. The nRMSE was 7.494 %. The suitable dry weight ratio coefficients were 150.00, 143.26, 187.58 and 157.20 cm²/g, respectively. The specific leaf weight method is suitable for rapid and accurate measurement of peanut leaf area.

To investigate the influence relationships and mechanism paths of agrotechnology training, technology acquisition, peer effects, and farmers' adoption of water-saving irrigation technology. We use 505 micro-farm household data of the group in 2022 in Inner Mongolia, a representative area of water scarcity and employ the mediating effect model, moderating effect model, and moderated mediating effect model for our research. It was found that ①the surveyed farmers demonstrate a higher adoption rate of water-saving irrigation behaviors, but the actual water-saving irrigated arable land area of farmers accounted for a low proportion of the total arable land area of households; ②participation in agricultural technology training, reduced difficulty of technology acquisition, and strong peer effects all promoted farmers' adoption of water-saving irrigation technologies and increased the adopted area; ③ farmers could reduce the difficulty of water-saving irrigation technology acquisition by participating in agricultural technology training, and in addition, the peer effect has a substitution effect on technology acquisition, and a high peer effect also improves the impact of agricultural technology training on farmers' adoption of water-saving irrigation, but does not promote farmers' adoption of area. Based on the above analysis, it is recommended to innovate government training by diversifying channels, formats, and orientations to attract greater farmer participation; to reduce the economic and technical costs of farmers' access to water-saving irrigation technology; and to play a positive role in the peer effect to lead more farmers to participate in using water-saving irrigation technology.

The adoption of water-saving irrigation technology is the key to improve agricultural water use efficiency and promote agricultural sustainable development. Based on the survey of 1 216 farmers in the Tarim River Basin, this paper explores the effects of land transfer and collective action on water-saving irrigation technology adoption behavior of farmers in the Tarim River Basin, and the moderating effect of government subsidies, using exploratory factor analysis, binary Logit model and bootstrap intermediary test. The results show that: ①land transfer area does not affect water-saving irrigation technology adoption behavior, while land transfer term and land transfer price have a positive impact on water-saving irrigation technology adoption behavior. ②Collective action has a positive influence on the adoption behavior of water-saving irrigation technology, and serves as a positive intermediary in the relationship between land transfer and adoption behavior. ③Government subsidies have a positive moderating effect in the path of collective action affecting water-saving irrigation technology adoption behavior. To promote the adoption of water-saving irrigation technology by farmers, it is necessary to further accelerate the transfer of agricultural land, establish a platform for the promotion and publicity of agricultural water-saving irrigation technology, improve the framework of collective action, increase financial support, and create a good atmosphere for agricultural water-saving.

In order to explore the influence of underground ditch salt drainage technology on the improvement effect of soda saline alkali wasteland in Xiliao River Plain, underground ditches were set and different improvement measures were applied in the saline alkali wasteland in Shengli Township, Kezuozhong Banne, to investigate the desalination effect of salt drainage engineering combined with chemical improvement technology on soda saline alkali wasteland soil. In this study, the distance between underground ditches was 5 m (L1), 10 m (L2) and 15 m (L3) respectively, and there was no underground ditch (CK) treatment. On this basis, 30 t/hm² of desulfurization gypsum, 4.5 t/hm² or 9 t/hm² (F2) of humic acid (F1) were applied, a total of 8 treatments.The research results indicate that the improvement effect of alkali wasteland is significant, as it can significantly reduce soil salinity. The average total salt content in the soil at a depth of 0~40 cm decreased by 1.74 g/kg. Additionally, the closer the distance between the drainage ditches, the more significant the desalination effect. Furthermore, the application of humic acid also had a significant impact on reducing soil salinity, with an average reduction of 5.7% under the treatment of humic acid. Among the treatments, the combination of a 5 m distance between drainage ditches and an application rate of 4.5 t/hm² of humic acid resulted in the greatest reduction, reaching 8.2%. Based on the experimental results, the combination of a 10 m distance between drainage ditches and an application rate of 4.5 t/hm² of humic acid showed the best improvement effect. The research findings provide theoretical basis and technical support for the rational development and utilization of saline-alkali wasteland in the Western Liaohe Plain.