The potential value of biostimulants in enhancing crop’s tolerance to abiotic stress has attracted much attention. A completely randomized block design was employed to study the coupling effects of biostimulants foliar application (water control CK, fulvic acid FA and betaine GB) and reduced irrigation (conventional irrigation, CI; 73% conventional irrigation, RI) on greenhouse celery production. Our aim was to explore the water-saving and yield-increasing potential of the biostimulants. The leaf photosynthesis, plant biomass, irrigation water use efficiency, nutritional and safety quality as well as the mineral nutrient uptake was examined. The results showed that, in both irrigation water levels, foliar application of FA and GB significantly reduced the leaf temperature, and greatly improved the leaf transpiration efficiency. Foliar spray measure also significantly increased plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, single plant weight, yield, net income and irrigation water use efficiency. Foliar application with FA performs much better than that with GB in terms of celery yield, while their effects on celery quality is just the opposite. Compared with CI, adoption of RI measure did not lead to yield decrease, and greatly improved the irrigation water use efficiency. The yield, irrigation water use efficiency and planting net income of celery treated with RIFA and RIGB were significantly higher than those of CICK, indicating the potential value of the chosen biostimulants in crop yields increase and water conservation.

In response to the low fertilizer utilization efficiency in watermelon production in Xinjiang, this study explores the impact of water-soluble compound fertilizer on the physiological characteristics and economic benefits of watermelon, aiming to select the optimal fertilization plan. Through greenhouse experiments, five fertilization treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 (CK)) (50%, 100%, 150%, 200% and local conventional fertilization) were set up to explore the effects of water-soluble compound fertilizer application on watermelon growth, quality, and yield. The TOPSIS method was used to comprehensively evaluate and optimize the fertilization scheme. The growth indicators, yield, and quality of watermelon showed a parabolic trend with the increasing rate of water-soluble compound fertilizer application. Among them, the T2 treatment significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of plant growth. Compared with T5 (CK) treatment, T2 treatment significantly increased the biomass of aboveground plants in watermelon by 26.43%. In terms of fruit shape, quality, and yield, T2 treatment had the highest fruit shape index, marginal total soluble solid mass fraction, fruit moisture content, and yield. T3 treatment had the highest soluble sugar, total vitamin C content, and total soluble solid mass fraction in the heart of the watermelon. T2 treatment had the smallest margin difference, and the highest profit was 191 900 yuan/hm². The TOPSIS entropy weighting method was used to obtain different treatments in descending order: T2, T4, T1, T3, T5 (CK). Under the conditions of this experiment, the suitable fertilization treatment for watermelon growth is T2, and this study can provide scientific basis for high-quality production of facility watermelon in Xinjiang region.

In order to mitigate the risks associated with the uncertainty of available water resources in tropical grassland climatic regions and allocate the planting structure of crops in irrigation areas effectively, this paper combines the advantages of dynamic programming and stochastic programming and establishes an optimization model for planting structure in irrigation area under the tropical savanna climate based on stochastic dynamic programming. Taking the Luga irrigation area in Senegal as an example, the available irrigation water in the irrigation area from 1986 to 2016 is analyzed. Probability simulation is conducted using the normal distribution probability function. The stochastic dynamic programming model is applied to the Luga irrigation area, and the results are compared with those of the deterministic dynamic programming model. The research results show that the stochastic dynamic programming model can optimize the planting structure in the irrigation area with deterministic dynamic programming in available irrigation water, increasing the economic benefits by an average of 1.37×10⁸ CFA per year. Moreover, it can effectively cope with the impacts of climate change such as drought and can generate an additional economic benefit of 5.33×10⁸ CFA during extreme drought periods, enabling the irrigation area to achieve higher and more stable economic benefits. These research findings contribute to the formulation of rational farmland management and planting decisions in the irrigation area, providing scientific basis for the sustainable development of agricultural economy in the irrigation area.

Considering the problem that local irrigation water resources in Lijin County are insufficient to meet farmland irrigation needs, the deficit irrigation method is adopted to control irrigation water consumption during the crop growth period, maximizing economic benefits, comprehensive water productivity, and ecological benefits are selected as objectives. The multi-objective optimization model (AE-FOS-MOP) was used to adjust the crop planting structure in Lijin County under different annual conditions. The results show that: ①under the deficit irrigation mode, the irrigation water amount still cannot fully meet farmland irrigation demand, but it significantly alleviates the supply-demand contradiction. ②Under the premise of ensuring food security production, the results of model optimization in different levels of years effectively adjust the proportion of grain and grain crops and realize the saving of arable land. ③By reducing the sowing area of winter wheat, rice, corn and cotton and increasing the sowing area of peanut in the current year, the economic benefit can be increased by 1.9%, the comprehensive water productivity by 4.5%, and the ecological benefit by 3.1%. ④In the planning year, the planting scale of vegetables and peanuts will be further increased, the economic benefits will be increased by 9.5% and 14.3%, the ecological benefits will be increased by 16.9% and 14.1%, the comprehensive water production will be increased by 2.1% and 5%, and the water saving rate will be 8.2% and 5.5%.

To investigate the impact of soil water and salt contents on the simulation of frozen soil hydraulic conductivity, the soil from the Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia was used as experimental materials. Utilizing the MesoMR23-060V-I Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) system, we measured the soil freezing characteristic curves (SFCC) for fifteen combinations of five initial soil salinity levels (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.7%, and 1.0%) and three initial mass moisture contents (20%, 25%, and 30%). Based on the SFCC, the latest Capillary Bundle Model (CBM) was used to predict the hydraulic conductivity of frozen soil and compared with the widely used Ice Impedance Model (IIM). The findings reveal that: ①Soil salinity significantly increases the unfrozen water content in freezing soil, lowers the freezing point, and reduces the slope of the freezing curve, while all three parameters increase with the initial soil moisture content. ②The power function model adequately describes the SFCCs, with the fitting parameters α and β increasing and decreasing with salinity, respectively, while moisture content has no significant effect on these parameters. ③The impact of salinity on frozen soil hydraulic conductivity is notably greater than that of moisture, regardless of whether the Ice Impedance Model or Capillary Bundle Model is used. Salinity affects the predictions of IIM and CBM for frozen soil hydraulic conductivity by influencing the critical temperature and parameters of the soil freezing curve, respectively. Compared to IIM, CBM offers higher prediction accuracy under low temperature and high salinity.

Aiming at the problem of precise control of water and fertilizer EC values during water and fertilizer mixing process, the paper presents a decision-making and control system for water and fertilizer integration based on model reference adaptive control. The mother liquor dynamic control model is established and the model reference adaptive controller is designed by it. The simulation test results show that compared to fuzzy PID control, the model reference adaptive control reduces overshoot by 1.2% and adjustment time by 12.6 seconds in the tracking test. In the step tests, the model reference adaptive control reduces the overshoot by 14.4% and the adjustment time by more than 2 seconds. In addition, the interference capability is better than fuzzy PID control. The field experiments are done in three ways. Compared to fuzzy PID control and manual irrigation and fertilization methods, the utilization of model reference adaptive control resulted in a 15.7% and 35.6% increase in tomato plant height, an 11.1% and 18.6% increase in stem thickness, and a 23.3% and 48.1% increase in production, respectively. The results show that model reference adaptive control is better than fuzzy PID control and manual irrigation methods, thus the paper proves the effectiveness of model reference adaptive control and provids technical support for precise fertilization and irrigation.

The split-flow vortex emitter is a type of irrigation emitter that diverts the water first and then produces vortexes to achieve energy dissipation. In order to study the influence of the structural parameters of the emitter flow channel on the hydraulic characteristics and anti-clogging performance, four characteristic parameters were selected to study the hydraulic performance, including the distance between the water body and the side wall of the flow channel, the distance between the water body and the head of the blocking water body, the inclination angle of the blocking water tooth and the distance between the blocking water tooth and the side wall of the flow channel. The sediment particles with a diameter of 0.125 mm and a density of 2 500 kg / m³ were selected to study its anti-clogging performance. The results show that the flow index of the emitter is 0.481 2~0.506 8. The distance between the water body and the side wall of the flow channel has the greatest influence on the flow index. The discharge coefficient of the emitter is 2.209 3~3.290 6. The distance between the water body and the side wall of the flow channel and the distance from the end of the water blocking tooth to the side wall of the flow channel all affect the discharge coefficient. It is found that the main vortex area is a susceptible area for clogging. In most cases, the flow index is negatively correlated with the particle retention time. Finally, the structure is optimized to improve its hydraulic performance and anti-clogging performance, which can provide technical support for the hydraulic performance evaluation and structural optimization of the split vortex emitter.

Optimization of water transmission and distribution technology in irrigation district canal systems is an important measure to promote the efficient use of agricultural water resources. In some irrigation districts in Xinjiang, manual information transfer methods are used for canal system management and decision-making on water distribution schemes, which makes it difficult to achieve optimal deployment. In this paper, using rotational irrigation grouping and water distribution flow as decision-making variables, the optimal water distribution model of branch and bucket canals in irrigation areas was established to minimize channel water loss and the time difference in water distribution within the rotational irrigation group, and use the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm was used to solve the problem. Based on an in-depth study of optimal water distribution model of the canal system and its algorithm solution, Visual Studio Code and Matlab development tools are used to develop the optimal allocation system of canal system water in the irrigation area and test and analyze it through examples. The results show that: the optimized water distribution scheme reduces the total seepage loss from 484 900 m³ to 237 800 m³ compared with the actual irrigation scheme in this period, and the distribution time is shortened from 30 days to 14.6 days. The optimized water distribution model is close to the actual operation of the canal system, and it can realize the centralized and efficient distribution of water, and the interface of the optimized water distribution system is user-friendly, the parameters are simple and concise, and it can be used to optimize the water distribution of the irrigation area in a convenient and fast way.

This paper presents the field observation and in-depth analysis of the long throat flume weir in Shuangdunzi section and Yumenguan section of Shule River. The Winflume software was used for modeling and calibration to establish the relationship between water level and discharge. The results show that the long-throat flume measuring weir can achieve excellent flow measurement effect under different conditions, showing excellent reliability and accuracy. Through a detailed analysis of the flow curve and flow meter of 1 # and 4 # long throat grooves, the universality of the design flow range is verified. The design flow of 1 # long throat groove is applicable in the range of 0 ~ 31.7 m3/s, and the design flow of 4 # long throat groove is also applicable in the range of 0 ~ 34.5 m3/s. The research results provide technical support for the long-throat flume weir in the Shule River Basin.

To respond to the relevant policies of chemical fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase, and explore the effects of 30% nutrient substitution of chemical fertilizer with different organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of Junjube, as well as on the activity of soil sucrase and organic matter content under the irrigation method of sand pipe irrigation device, four experimental treatments were set up: chicken manure (T1), oil residue (T2), organic water-soluble fertilizer (T3) and chemical fertilizer alone (CK) were set up in southern Xinjiang Junjujube. The results showed that organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer could increase the SPAD value of jujube leaves by 3.29%~6.29% at the fruit expansion stage It can increase the activity of sucrase in 0~40 cm soil to varying degrees, and increase the organic matter content of 0~40cm soil layer by 5.93%~34.62%. The application of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer can increase the total sugar content of jujube fruit by 12.36%~35.25%, the content of soluble solids by 25.60%~38.24%, vitamin C by 1.17%~15.36%, and the yield of jujube by 0.63%~4.81% while stabilizing the yield. This study is of great significance for the reduction and efficiency of chemical fertilizers and the efficient utilization of agricultural water resources.

Reclaimed water resource utilization is a favorable solution to alleviate regional water resource scarcity and promote agricultural water use. In this experiment, river water (R0), mixed water (river water∶reclaimed water =1∶1, R1), reclaimed water (R2) and well water (CK) were used as irrigation water sources. The corn was selected as the research object to explore the migration and accumulation patterns of Pb, Ni, and Cr in different depths of soil (0~200 cm) and corn organs, as well as their influence on corn growth and yield under different irrigation water sources. The results showed that, under the same irrigation quota, short-term reclaimed water irrigation resulted in the migration of Pb to the soil depth (>70 cm) and the accumulation of Ni and Cr in the 0~200 cm range of soil, in which the Pb content decreased by 9.8%-38.7%. The contents of Ni and Cr increased by 2.5%~21.2% and 5.5%~166.8%, respectively. However, the heavy metal content in the soil of each treatment was lower at the end of the experiment compared to the seedling stage at the time of sowing. For plants, before and after irrigation, the relative accumulation of heavy metals in CK treated plants was higher than R0, R1 and R2. Specifically, the Pb was 23.2%, 3.5% and 24.4% higher, Ni 12.7%, 0.1% and 1.1% higher, Cr 19.7%, 1.6% and 6.5% higher, respectively. There was no significant difference in heavy metals content in corn grains, but the total amount of heavy metals in plants was R0 > R2 > CK, R1 > CK. Compared with well water, all treatments increased corn plant height, leaf area and biomass. In 2022, compared with CK, the corn plant height, leaf area and biomass was increased by 1 197.9 kg/hm², 1 296.6 kg/hm² and 447.4 kg/hm² in R0, R1 and R2 treatments, respectively. In 2023, the yield increase effect was 472.1 kg/hm², 638.4 kg/hm² and 243.9 kg/hm², respectively. Therefore, mixed water irrigation brought the largest yield increase while leading to the higher enrichment of heavy metals in plants than well water irrigation. However, when reclaimed water was used for irrigation, the residual risk of heavy metals in the soil was evident, so it is particularly important to explore the reasonable blending ratio of the two irrigation sources above. This study provides a reference for the optimal allocation and utilization of different water resources and has certain reference significance for the utilization of unconventional water irrigation.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of research on weed control, slope protection, and ecological purification in agricultural drainage ditches. It summarizes and synthesizes domestic and international achievements in various aspects, including mainstream weed control techniques, ecological slope protection methods, and emerging ecological purification technologies. However, these methods have limitations such as technological singularity and adverse environmental impacts. Based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the synergistic effects of various factors, this paper proposes a novel approach to address these limitations. This paper also discusses the challenges faced in the operation of channels and the scientific issues that need resolution, aiming to offer insights for the construction of modern agricultural irrigation and drainage areas.

Winter wheat is an important grain crop in the Loess Plateau region, and surface irrigation, primarily using border irrigation, is a commonly used irrigation method in the region. Clarifying the impact of different irrigation amounts on the evapotranspiration and water consumption patterns of winter wheat under border irrigation conditions can provide reference for rational irrigation management of winter wheat. This study used an improved SW model to calculate the evapotranspiration of winter wheat under border irrigation in the Loess Plateau region from 2016 to 2019, and analyzed the influencing factors of evapotranspiration and its components. The results show that the improved SW model has high accuracy in simulating winter wheat evapotranspiration under border irrigation, R² was 0.88~0.90, RMSE was 0.39~0.42 mm/d, MAE was 0.29~0.30 mm/d, RRMSE was 0.08~0.09, NSE was 0.88~0.90, and d was 0.97. During the growth period of winter wheat, E/ET first decreased and then increased. As the amount of irrigation decreases, daily transpiration decreases significantly. High water treatment M1, low water treatment M2, and rain-fed treatment M3 are 1.19~1.24 mm/d, 0.93~1.05 mm/d, and 0.67~0.69 mm/d, respectively; E/ET shows an upward trend, with M1, M2, and M3 accounting for 28%~35%, 34%~39%, and 41%~47%, respectively. As drought severity increases, the main factors controlling the changes in E/ET shift from leaf area index (LAI) to LAI and soil moisture content. The evapotranspiration ET of winter wheat under high water treatment is mainly controlled by net radiation, while under rain fed treatment, ET is influenced by net radiation, soil moisture content, and leaf area index.

The purpose of this study is to accurately estimate the evapotranspiration ( E T_{\mathrm{c}}) of spring maize using dual crop coefficient method under different planned soil wetting layer depths. In this study, there were three levels of planned soil wetting layer depths (T1, T2, T3) in different growth stages. The lower limit of irrigation was set at 65% of field capacity（θ _FC), with a maximum irrigation limit of 100% θ _FC. The measured leaf area index ( L A I) was used to adjust the basal crop coefficient ( K_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{b}}) and soil evaporation coefficient ( K_{\mathrm{e}}) in the dual crop coefficient model. Moreover, the adaptability of the estimated values was evaluated using the measured data from large-scale weighing lysimeter. In the whole growth period, the modified dual crop coefficient model improved the accuracy of the estimated E T_{\mathrm{c}}, with the estimated E T_{\mathrm{c}} _{being 454.08 mm, 431.87 mm and 452.47 mm in T1, T2, T3 respectively, and the measured E T_{\mathrm{c}} being 438.46 mm, 397.68 mm and 419.86 mm in T1, T2, T3, respectively. The R^{\mathrm{2}}, R M S E, E_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}}, and A A E of the dual crop coefficient method were 0.82, 0.67 mm/d, 0.84, 0.57 mm/d for T1, 0.81, 0.79 mm/d, 0.78, 0.55 mm/d for T2, and 0.75, 0.90 mm/d, 0.71, 0.60 mm/d for T3, respectively. The R^{\mathrm{2}} ^{and E_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}} of T1 and T2 with more irrigation amount were higher than T3, and the R M S E and A A E were lower than T3. The differences in parameters between T1 and T2 were not significant. It indicated that the less irrigation amount will affect the estimation accuracy of the model. The irrigation amount and E T_{\mathrm{c}} of T1 were the largest, and the fitting degree of the model was the highest, followed by T2 and T3. Therefore, the modified dual crop coefficient model is reliable to estimate the E T_{\mathrm{c}} of spring maize at different soil wetted depths. And the model is more suitable for estimating spring maize evapotranspiration under sufficient water conditions.}}