To reveal the influence of soil texture on salt and ion migration in the unsaturated zone during the freeze-thaw period under shallow groundwater conditions, the soil temperature, moisture content, total salt content, and the contents of eight major soluble ions in lysimeters filled with sandy loam, loamy sand, and sand with a groundwater table depth of 0.5 m were continuously monitored during the freeze-thaw period. The results indicated that during the freeze-thaw period, the higher the sand content in the soil, the lower and more evenly distributed the salt content, and the higher and more evenly distributed the moisture content at a depth of 40 cm. With the increase of silt and clay contents, the moisture during the freezing period was more concentrated at a depth of 0~20 cm. During the thawing period, salt accumulated at the soil surface for all three soil textures, and the higher the proportion of silt and clay, the more significant the surface salt accumulation. The surface salt content of sandy loam and sand increased by 18% and 16% respectively. In sandy loam and loamy sand, Na?、 SO {}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-} and HCO {}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} were significantly correlated with the total salt content (r>0.8). In sand, only HCO {}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} at a depth of 30~40 cm had a high correlation with the salt content (r=0.846). The order of ion migration ability was Na? > HCO {}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-} > SO {}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-}. The research provide a scientific reference for the prevention and control of soil salinization in areas with shallow groundwater in seasonal frozen soil regions.

To investigate the spatiotemporal variation of pollution loads in the Fifth Drainage Ditch of the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation District, regression equations for pollutant loads at five monitoring sections of the Fifth Drainage Ditch were established using the LOADEST model. Additionally, the improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm was employed to obtain optimal planting structure schemes under different objectives. The results showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) of the pollutant load regression equations for the five monitoring sections of the Fifth Drainage Ditch ranged from 77.93% to 97.51%, indicating a good model fit. The pollutant load at the five sections increased with irrigation water use, and the pollutant concentration gradually increased from upstream to downstream. Among all pollutants, total nitrogen accounted for the largest discharge in the drainage ditch. The results of optimal planting structures under different objectives demonstrated that the ecological benefit-oriented scheme was more suitable for the development needs of the planting structure in the Fifth Drainage Ditch catchment. This scheme effectively reduced the total nitrogen pollution load, while simultaneously decreasing irrigation water consumption and increasing economic benefits. When adjusting the planting structure in the future, the planting area of corn cultivation can be appropriately increased, and the planting areas of rice and wheat should be reduced. In conclusion, the LOADEST model is suitable for estimating the pollution load in the Fifth Drainage Ditch of the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation District. The improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm was used to design the optimal scheme for agricultural planting structure in the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation District, which provides strong support for water quality management and adjustment of agricultural planting structure in this region.

The semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau is generally deficient in water resources, and water resource security severely restricts the rapid development of society and economy. In order to improve the availability of regional water resources and tap the potential of regional water saving, a distributed hydrological model based on SWAT was constructed for the Malianhe River Basin as a representative watershed. Through analyzing the output of the model, the simulation of the water yield and yield timing characteristics of the ungauged sub-basins was completed, and the available water resources and water-saving potential areas of the ungauged basin without data were analyzed and calculated, which provided reliable baseline data and an analysis basis for efficient water resources utilization in the future. The certainty coefficient of the SWAT model in the Malianhe River Basin was 0.79, the NSE was 0.73, the annual average runoff depth of the basin was 27.78 mm, the average annual water yield was 5.29×10⁸ m³, the runoff depth in flood season was 20.00 mm, and the water yield was 3.81×10⁸ m³. The amount of local water resources was sufficient and the potential for utilization was large. The water-saving potential area of the sub-basin Sijiagou was the area with a runoff depth of 2~10 mm, and the runoff amount was 341.9×10⁴ m³, accounting for 56.73% of the total runoff; June-September were the main and stable runoff months in the basin, accounting for 51.36% of the annual runoff, which was a key time point for water resources utilization. The research results can promote the more rational and efficient use of conventional and unconventional water resources in semi-arid areas, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for regional water resources planning, water conservancy engineering construction, ecological engineering construction and the construction of high-efficiency water resources utilization facilities.

Soil secondary is a key factor restricting the efficient utilization of water and soil resources and sustainable agricultural development in the Hetao Irrigation District. To scientifically assess the risk of soil salinization in the region, this study combined classical statistical analysis with geostatistics to systematically analyze the spatial variation characteristics of soil salinity in the study area over a certain period of time. Based on the theory of non-parametric geostatistics, the Indicator Kriging method was used to systematically analyze the soil salinity variogram and prediction probability of typical irrigation and drainage units in Hetao Irrigation District at different stages and soil layers, with 2 g/kg and 3 g/kg as soil salinity thresholds. Salinization risk probability maps were developed through cross-validation approaches. The research results indicate that under different thresholds, the average soil salinity in each period of the study area belonged to mild salinization, and showed moderate variation intensity. The Gaussian model provided the best fit to the variograms; The average probability of predicting soil salinity significantly increased as the threshold decreased from 3 g/kg to 2 g/kg; Probabilistic predictions of soil salinity demonstrate considerable spatial consistency and regularity under varying threshold conditions, with high-risk salinization zones concentrated primarily in the study area's northern region, and fine irrigation and drainage comprehensive management should be prioritized, while the low-risk areas were concentrated in the southern region. The Indicator Kriging method used in this study can describe the spatiotemporal distribution of soil salinization risk. The risk distribution area and its evaluation results drawn can guide the differentiated prevention and control strategies of soil salinization in this typical irrigation and drainage unit and similar research areas.

The growing disparity between water scarcity and agricultural water demand in Huaibei City has made the reuse of effluent from wastewater treatment plants a critical strategy for mitigating irrigation pressure. However, the feasibility and specific impacts of using this reclaimed water (RW) for rice production in the region remain unclear. In this study, effluent from the Longhu Wastewater Treatment Plant in Huaibei was used as an irrigation source (RW), with groundwater (CK) serving as the control. Through hydroponic experiments and a two-year field trial, a systematic comparison was conducted on rice growth indicators across the germination, seedling, and full growth stages under the two water sources, aiming to clarify the impact of Huaibei's treated wastewater effluent on rice growth and final yield. Results showed that compared to groundwater irrigation, RW irrigation significantly enhanced seed vigor (p<0.05), increased root volume and root surface area of seedlings by 9.41% and 4.48%, respectively, and improved shoot length and stem-leaf biomass accumulation. The two-year field experiment demonstrated that RW irrigation enhanced rice plant height and increased root activity throughout the entire growth period. On average, RW irrigation increased rice yield by 58.7% over the two years, while also raising amylose and protein content in the grains. Importantly, heavy metal concentrations-including lead, chromium, cadmium, and copper-in both rice grains and paddy soil remained within safe limits. The study confirms that irrigating with effluent from the wastewater treatment plant can promote rice growth, increase yield, and improve quality.

During crop growth, substantial water resources are consumed. Drought, as a natural hazard characterized by prolonged duration, high frequency, and extensive impact, poses significant threats to agricultural production. Investigating the relationship between drought and crop water use is essential for promoting the sustainable utilization of agricultural water resources. This study analyzes the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of monthly crop production water footprints and drought indices (meteorological and agricultural drought) across various regions of China, and explores their relationships in terms of temporal, spatial, and compositional dimensions. The results indicate that: (1) The production water footprint of maize is primarily concentrated from the jointing to the filling stage (over 60%), while that of winter wheat is mainly distributed after the overwintering stage. For rice, the highest values occur during the jointing and heading stages, accounting for approximately 70% of the total production water footprint. The crop production water footprint in eastern China is significantly lower than in other regions, and the green water footprint constitutes a relatively high proportion in southern China; (2) Meteorological droughts in northern China occur predominantly in spring and summer, whereas in southern China the pattern is reversed. Agricultural droughts show no consistent temporal distribution pattern. Both the frequency and intensity of meteorological droughts are relatively higher in northern China, while agricultural droughts exhibit higher frequency and intensity in eastern China; (3) A significant negative correlation is observed between the blue water footprint of crop production and the SPEI, with the strongest correlations concentrated in June to August. In contrast, the green water footprint shows a significant positive correlation with the SPEI. The production water footprints of maize and rice demonstrate a similar relationship with the SMCI, while the relationship for wheat is more complex. With the exception of northwestern China, crop production water footprints in other regions exhibit strong correlations with the SPEI. The composition of the production water footprint shows a more pronounced relationship with drought indices than its absolute magnitude does. Future efforts should focus on optimizing planting strategies, improving irrigation techniques, and enhancing capabilities in drought forecasting and early warning to support regional agricultural water resources management.

Southern China is the most important sugarcane-producing region in China, but it frequently experiences drought and flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) disasters. However, there is still a lack of regional research concerning the characteristics of DFAA occurring during sugarcane growing stages in this region. Therefore, this study focuses on the three provinces of South China (i.e., Guangxi, Guangdong, and Yunnan). Using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), we developed rules to identify various types of DFAA events during different sugarcane growth stages from 1970 to 2020, and then analyzed their spatiotemporal characteristics. The results showed that Guangxi and Yunnan experienced significant changes (p<0.05) in DFAA intensity during different sugarcane growth stages in five instances and one instance, respectively (increasing or decreasing); however, no significant trends were observed in Guangdong. At the germination stage, the fewest stations showed significant DFAA intensity changes, while the most stations with significant results were found during the maturity stage. DFAA intensity in Yunnan and Guangdong peaked during the 1980s, and in Guangxi it peaked during the 1990s. Yunnan exhibited the highest overall DFAA intensity, followed by Guangxi. Nearly half of all DFAA events occurred during the stem elongation stage, with the remaining three growth stages showing similar proportions of disaster occurrence. Areas of high-intensity DFAA were primarily located in western Yunnan, western and northeastern Guangxi, and central-southern Guangdong. This study provides insights for sugarcane production areas in Southern China to adapt to climate change.

Drought is one of the primary natural disasters in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR), exerting significant impacts on regional socio-economic sustainability, agricultural production, and ecological security. Clarifying the spatiotemporal evolution and future trends of drought in this region under climate change is crucial for drought prevention, mitigation, and sustainable development. Based on precipitation data from three global climate models (GCMs) under four representative Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs: SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5), this study calculated the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Methods including linear trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test, run theory, and Copula functions were employed to investigate the historical (1961-2022) and future (2023-2100) spatiotemporal characteristics of drought in the MLRYR, as well as changes in the joint distribution of drought duration and intensity. Key findings include: ① From 1961 to 2022, the SPI values in the MLRYR showed an upward trend. From 2023 to 2100, the SPI values under the four scenarios generally exhibit an upward trend, with relatively larger increases under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0 scenarios. ② From 1961 to 2022, the SPI in the northern part of the MLRYR generally showed an upward trend, while the southernmost region exhibited a downward trend. The central-western and northeastern parts of the study area experienced higher drought duration and intensity. From 2023 to 2100, under the four scenarios of the EC-Earth3-Veg and MRI-ESM2-0 models, the SPI overall shows an upward trend, while under the SSP5-8.5 scenario of the FGOALS model, the northeastern part of the study area shows a significant downward trend in SPI. Under the four scenarios, the western part of the study area exhibits higher drought frequency, average drought duration, and drought intensity. ③ Drought duration followed a Rayleigh distribution, while drought intensity conformed to a Weibull distribution. The optimal joint distribution function for drought duration and intensity was the Clayton Copula. Under identical drought duration–intensity combinations, joint return periods under SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 were longer than those under SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5. Co-occurrence return periods under SSP5-8.5 in the EC-Earth3-Veg and FGOALS models were shorter than those in other scenarios. The drought risk in the middle and lower reaches of the main stream of the Yangtze River is higher than that in other regions in the future. Drought monitoring and early warning should be further strengthened, and water resources management planning adapted to agricultural, social and economic development should be made in advance to reduce the possible losses caused by drought. These findings elucidate drought characteristics in the MLRYR, providing valuable insights for drought risk assessment and informed decision-making to support sustainable socio-economic development in the region.

This study investigates the impacts of climate change on irrigation water demand patterns for citrus cultivation in the Yuanjiang River Basin, Yunnan Province. It identifies critical phenological stages with high water requirements and examines their shifts over time. The findings provide a scientific basis for precision irrigation management and the advancement of climate-resilient agricultural practices.Based on daily meteorological records from 28 stations and field measurements of Citrus Sinensis Osbeck in the Yuanjiang Basin during 1961-2020, we calculated crop water requirement (ET _c), effective precipitation (P _e), and irrigation water requirement index (IRI) using the Penman–Monteith equation combined with the single-crop-coefficient method. Spatial interpolation was performed by ordinary Kriging, and temporal trends were assessed by the Mann-Kendall test. Over the full growth season, ET _c ranged from 785.6 to 924.3 mm, P _e from 336.02 to 530.62 mm, and IRI from -0.12 to 0.54. ET _c and IRI exhibited increasing trends at rates of 0.088 2 mm/year and 0.002 5 /year, respectively, while P _e significantly decreased at 0.281 3 mm/year. Results also showed that ET _c increased significantly with the rise in global solar radiation and air temperature. Specifically, when the temperature exceeded 30 ℃, the increasing rate of ET _c intensified to 0.45 mm/℃. The variations across different growth stages showed that ET _c performance of Bingtang orange in the Yuanjiang Basin varied across different growth stages. During phenological stages, ET _c ranked as fruit expansion stage>maturity stage>fruit coloring stage>dormancy period> flowering stage>flower bud differentiation stage; P _e as ruit expansion stage>fruit coloring stage>maturity stage>flowering stage>dormancy period>flower bud differentiation stage; and IRI as flowering stage>fruit expansion stage>maturity stage>fruit coloring stage>dormancy period>flower bud differentiation stage. Spatially, ET _c and P _e showed a "high in the south, low in the north" and "higher at high elevations than low elevations" pattern, whereas IRI displayed the opposite. These results provide a quantitative basis for optimizing irrigation scheduling and improving water-use efficiency of Citrus Sinensis Osbeck in the Yuanjiang Basin.

In order to study the influence of the optimization of the inverted cone curve of the on-pipe emitter on the local head loss of the drip irrigation pipe, 12 drip irrigation pipe models with different structural parameters were simulated by the combination of numerical simulation and experimental verification. The results showed that the increase of the double circle radius and the semi-major axis of the ellipse of the inverted cone bottom surface reduced the local head loss of the drip irrigation pipe, but when these parameters increased to a certain value, they increased the local head loss of the drip irrigation pipe. When the radius of the double circle was 7 mm and the semi-major axis of the ellipse was 5 mm, the local head loss of a single emitter was minimized. It can be concluded that when the distance between the emitters is 0.3 m and 0.6 m, the ratio of the local head loss after the optimization of the inverted cone structure in a 60 m long pipe to the local head loss before the optimization is 75.86%, and the local head loss is reduced by about 24.14% after the optimization, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the optimization design.

Accurate prediction of field soil moisture dynamics is crucial for irrigation forecasting. Developing an effective soil moisture dynamic simulation model is of great significance for achieving precision irrigation, improving crop yield, and enhancing water use efficiency. In this study, based on the strict application of Darcy's law for unsaturated soil water movement was strictly adopted. The soil water balance equations of the root zone and the water storage zone were coupled and solved simultaneously based on this law. Through analysis and derivation, an improved two-zone model was established. Experimental data from winter wheat–summer maize rotation trials at Huoquan Station in Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2023 served as the computational basis. The improved two-zone model was employed to simulate the soil moisture dynamics within the 0~80 cm soil layer under two treatments for each year: one with more irrigation and one without irrigation throughout the entire growing season. The sum of squared errors of the fitting results was minimized as the objective function. Model parameters were calibrated using the Solver tool in Microsoft Excel 2016. Validation through sequential annual combined simulations demonstrated that: ① The simulated soil moisture values in the 0~80 cm layer showed high consistency with the measured values. The R2 values for all seven years of simulation results exceeded 0.74. The average relative error of the simulation results was less than 9%; specifically, 43.2% of the simulation results have a relative error less than 5%, and 72.0% is less than 10%. The simulated soil moisture values were in close agreement with the measured data. ② As the sample size increases—that is, as more annual data were incorporated—the characteristic soil moisture parameters in both the root zone and water storage zone exhibited certain trends and patterns. Overall, the two-zone model established using this method demonstrated high simulation accuracy, and its parameters showed good stability with an increasing number of years.

Promoting farmers' adoption of water-saving irrigation technology is both a key measure for achieving agricultural modernization and a strategic initiative to enhance national water resource allocation efficiency. Based on micro-survey data from 781 cotton farmers in the Yellow River Delta region of Shandong Province, this paper empirically analyzes the impact and mechanisms of diversified compensation on cotton farmers' adoption behavior and adoption intensity regarding water-saving irrigation technologies. The results show that: Firstly, diversified compensation significantly promotes both the adoption behavior and the extent of adoption intensity of water-saving irrigation technologies among cotton farmers. Secondly, the effects of diversified compensation exhibit significant heterogeneity in terms of compensation methods and farmer groups. In terms of compensation methods, the promoting effect of "capacity-building" compensation (technical and industry-support types) is significantly higher than that of "direct-support" compensation (financial and in-kind types). In terms of group differences, diversified compensation has a more substantial incentive effect on new agricultural business entities and large-scale farmers. Thirdly, mechanism analysis indicates that diversified compensation encourages the adoption of water-saving irrigation technologies by reducing adoption costs, enhancing farmers' cognition, and promoting technology diffusion. It is recommended to optimize compensation policy design by establishing a diversified system centered on "capacity-building" compensation, implementing differentiated compensation policies, and simultaneously constructing robust technology extension and risk assurance mechanisms, as well as improving agricultural socialized service support systems.

To improve the water use efficiency of artificial forage in semi-arid areas of Inner Mongolia, this paper takes the sprinkler-irrigated alfalfa in Tumote Left Banner as the research object and uses the validated AquaCrop model to simulate the response patterns of alfalfa yield, evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) under 16 different irrigation regimes. The results show that the validated model accurately simulated the yield of alfalfa (accuracy > 95%) and the dynamics of soil moisture during the growth period (R2>0.762, RMSE<1.927%, NRMSE<0.09, EF>0.670). The simulation of water and yield response relationships under different scenarios using the validated model indicates that the dual optimality of WUE and yield can be achieved when the irrigation lower limits at the first and third cuts are 60% FC and at the second and fourth cuts are 65% FC. Under this optimized irrigation regime, the irrigation amount is 360 mm, the ET is 599 mm, the yield reaches 13.645 t/hm², and the overall WUE is 2.278 kg/m³, representing a 19% increase in yield and a 17% improvement in WUE compared to current practices. According to the different water requirements of alfalfa at different cuts, determining the irrigation timing based on the optimal irrigation lower limits is conducive to the coordinated optimization of efficient water use and balanced yield increase in multiple cuts under different hydrological years, providing basic data support for the refined irrigation management of alfalfa in semi-arid areas of Inner Mongolia.

Spring drought has a negative impact on tobacco growth in Yunnan's tobacco growing areas. The lack of local irrigation conditions makes it difficult to provide timely supplemental irrigation by engineering means. In this study, we explored the effect of chemical drought control agents in coping with spring drought in flue-cured tobacco. Taking Yunyan 87 as the test material, we investigated the combined effects of two typical chemical drought control agents, soil water retainer and foliar antitranspirant, on the soil water and fertilizer status, growth, quality, and economic benefits of flue-cured tobacco through field cultivation experiments, and further quantitatively analyzed the effects of different irrigation scenarios on tobacco yield using the AquaCrop model. The results showed that the application of chemical drought-resistant agents could enhance soil water and fertilizer retention, and the soil moisture content in the early stage was increased by 17.89%~50.54%. The nutrient content of the treatment with a water retention agent application rate of 75 kg/hm2 was higher than that of the rest of the treatments in all growth stages. The improvement of soil water and fertilizer conditions effectively alleviated the negative impact of drought on the growth of flue-cured tobacco, and the yield of flue-cured tobacco was increased by 75~195 kg/hm2, which also improved the quality of the flue-cured tobacco to a certain extent. The combined application technology model of water retention agent application of 75 kg/hm2 and three times of fulvic acid spraying achieved the best economic yield, which was 23.17% higher than that of the control. The relationship between irrigation amount and flue-cured tobacco yield was established by the AquaCrop model. It was found that supplementing soil moisture during the seedling period of flue-cured tobacco was beneficial for increasing its yield. Under the condition of constant total irrigation amount, increasing the irrigation amount during the seedling period and reducing the irrigation amount during the vigorous growth period could improve the original flue-cured tobacco yield of 1 845 kg/hm2 by 14.85%. Based on this, by reducing the irrigation volume at the seedling stage to reduce the total irrigation volume, the total irrigation volume could be saved by 21.01% while obtaining the original yield. This study can provide a theoretical basis and reference for the optimized cultivation of flue-cured tobacco in spring drought-prone areas.

Accurately detecting the leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) of cotton at the farmland scale is of great significance for studying the dynamic growth of cotton and the response of yield to field management measures. In this study, different irrigation and fertilization levels were set to create differentiated canopy structures. A UAV equipped with a multispectral sensor was used to obtain cotton canopy vegetation indices (VIs) and texture features (TFs) from multispectral images. The Pearson analysis method was employed to screen out VIs and TFs that are highly correlated with LCC. Furthermore, random forest regression (RF) machine algorithm, residual network (ResNet), and 1D-convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) were used to construct LCC inversion models based on VIs, TFs, and the comprehensive indices combining the two, and their accuracies were compared. The results showed that among the three estimation models, the 1D-CNN model had better stability, and the comprehensive indices of VIs and TFs improved the accuracy of the LCC inversion model at all cotton growth stages. At the three growth stages of cotton (bud stage, flowering and boll stage, and boll opening stage), the R^{\mathrm{2}} \text{?}values of the training set for the comprehensive indices were 0.957, 0.957, and 0.955, respectively, with RMSE values of 1.019、1.057 and 0.915, respectively. Compared with the accuracy of the VIs-based models, they increased by 7.1%、4.3% and 11%, respectively; compared with the TFs-based models, they increased by 41.7%、37% and 39%, respectively. For the validation model, the R ² values were 0.827、0.877 and 0.874, respectively, with RMSE values of 1.927、1.732 and 1.408, respectively. Compared with the accuracy of the VIs validation set inversion model, they increased by 0.9%、2.4% and 8.5%, respectively; compared with the accuracy of the TFs validation set inversion model, they increased by 33.4%、37.7% and 38.3%, respectively. This study provides a feasible and accurate method for diagnosing cotton leaf status through the LCC inversion model that integrates UAV multispectral information and image texture information.

To investigate the influence of vegetation coverage and growth direction on Manning's roughness coefficient (n) for overland flow, a series of rigid vegetation simulation experiments were conducted using a flume scouring method to study the variation patterns of the Manning coefficient under different slopes (5°~20°), flow rates (5~40 L/min), coverage rates (0%~15.936%), and two growth directions (perpendicular to the slope PS, and perpendicular to the vertical horizontal plane PH). The results indicate that Manning's coefficient under the PS condition was generally 6.25%~26.67% higher than the PH condition. A critical flow rate exists for the variation of Manning's coefficient with coverage, and the critical flow rates under the PS condition for different slopes were reduced by 6.5%, 58.9%, 52.1% and 38.6% compared with those under the PH condition. When the flow rate is below the critical value, Manning's coefficient initially decreases and then increases with increasing coverage; when the flow rate exceeds the critical value, Manning's coefficient shows a monotonic increase with coverage on gentle slopes. The variation patterns of Manning's coefficient with water depth and Reynolds number differ between bare and vegetated slopes. On bare slopes, Manning's coefficient decreases monotonically with increasing water depth and Reynolds number, while on vegetated slopes, it increases monotonically with these parameters. Manning's coefficient exhibits a power-law negative correlation with the Froude number. Slope, flow rate, and coverage influence Manning's coefficient through their effects on water depth. The research findings reveal the variation patterns of Manning's coefficient under different conditions, providing a basis for determining Manning's coefficient values for vegetation configuration on the Loess Plateau, which is of great significance for soil and water conservation and the control of hydraulic erosion.