In order to make the safe and reliable operation of the pumping system and reduce the engineering investment，multi-objective particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize the calculation of water hammer protection，closing law with one-way surge tank diameter，initial liquid level，pump outlet valve as the design variables，the target is the maximum，minimum pressure and tank volume． According to the requirements and specifications of the project，the scope and the constraints of the design variables are determined，through the iterative calculation，the optimal design of the one-way surge tank and the valve closing scheme are determined． The results show that the optimized tank
volume effective decreases by 41%，the maximum water hammer pressure decreases by 168．5 m，the multi-objective optimization problem of
the algorithm can be effectively applied to water hammer protection，which is a reliable and economical protection scheme．

Accurate automatic irrigation system has been widely used in modern agricultural production． As a kind of control tool，the irrigation control valve is of great importance for the accurate and reliable operation of irrigation systems． This paper conducts an analysis and study of the existing problem in the current irrigation system．Then，an optimized design scheme is proposed and put into field test． Experiment results indicate that the optimized control valve has the advantage of stable operation，intelligent feedback，low pressure actuation，which has significantly improved the reliability and technical level of the irrigation system．

An irrigation engineering information management system based on B/ S model is introduced in this paper． This system includes information management and space display function． It has realized information query，statistical analysis，report generation，import and export，space display with the help of WEB software development techniques． It standardizes data format，code channels and other irrigation engineering items，clarifies the logical relationship of data before the development of database system． The idea of modular design is adopted to reduce the difficulty of development． To improve the user experience，the system uses simple interface framework． It can realize the data diversification display in the form of graphs，which can better meet the requirements of engineering information management and improve the management level．

Soil electrical conductivity is an important factor influencing the availability of soil nutrients and behaviors of agricultural chemicals． Understanding the spatial distribution of soil electrical conductivity has vital significance for soil salinization degree and soil fertility prediction． Geo-statistical method is used to study the distribution of soil electrical conductivity of Lycium Barbarum in the Yellow Ｒiver Irrigated Area． The results show that soil electrical conductivity is moderate spatial correlation on the surface，and has strong spatial correlation in the 20 ～ 40 and 40 ～ 60 cm depth，and its spatial distribution is mainly derived from the factors such as slope，plant density and soil management model． Ordinary Kriging of estimated value is less than the measured data，the average value is slightly higher than the measured data． Simulated values by sequential Gaussian conditional simulation has the same range，mean and range compared with the measured data of simulation of oil electrical conductivity，while the 20 ～ 40 and 40 ～ 60 cm depth soil conductivity simulation results are different with measured values，the range and mean less than the measured data，the range is larger than the measured data． The error is derived from the special Kriging method and the Gaussian treat during simulation．

In order to explore the influence of abrupt drought-flood on rice yield, use II You 898 as the material, both the effect of abrupt drought-flood during tillering stage, jointing-booting stage and flowering stage on the rice yield and its traits and comparison of influence on the yield between abrupt drought-flood and single water stress(drought and flood) across tillering-booting stage were studied through orthogonal experiment. The results indicated: (1) The numbers of panicle per pot is mainly influenced by abrupt drought-flood in the tillering stage, decreased by 1.4 on average while jointing-booting stage’s has the greatest impact on the grains per panicle, reducing it up to 34.2%; the 1000-grain weight and full grain ratio is mainly affected by abrupt drought-flood in jointing-booting and flowering stage; the specific stress in the three stages all significantly reduced the yield by more than 30%, and the descend order is: jointing-booting stage > tillering stage > flowering stage. (2) The main factors and stress type which affected the yield and its traits remarkably were changing or alternating in the abrupt drought-flood in different stages. (3) Rice yield and its traits were more than the certain single water stress in many cases across tillering-booting stage, which implied the existence of the compensatory effect.

Ganxi Dyke flood control reserve in Poyang Lake region has a variety of water systems and complicated hydrological conditions．The flood hits the entire region during the flood period，so the corresponding flood risk analysis in this region is of great significance． This paper establishes a 1D and 2D coupled hydrodynamic model to simulate the evolution of levee-breach flood water，then applied to Ganxi dykeflood control protected area． The model is optimized by roughness partitioning and mesh encryption，which improves the model precision． Thecalculation area is divided into unstructured triangular grids and the instantaneous dike break is set up． The breach flux meets the principle ofwater balance，the evolution result is reasonable and reliable． Flood risk analysis through calculating results shows that in the case of designflood with recurrence interval of 20 years in Ganjiang Ｒiver and the measured water level process in Poyang Lake in 2010，the flooded area bythe breaches flooding of Yongjianzhou and Lijiahan are 8．46 and 36．57 km2 respectively． The inundated area size and the impact of the population are related to the breach positions，submerged distribution basically follows the principle of topography and the submerged water depth in the protected area are basically deeper than 3 m．

According to Xiaolangdi，Huayuankou and Heishiguan hydrologic station of measured net flow and sediment transport data in recent 50 years, cross Wavelet analysis method,combined with cross wavelet energy spectrum，wavelet spectrum and wavelet power spectrum to investigate the impact of exchange rate to the river Yiluo sediment into the Yellow River of water and sand.The results show that Heishiguan and Xiaolangdi Dam exist 4-9 years scale period respectively in 1978-1992;Heishiguan and Xiaolangdi Dam runoff than synchronous;Heishiguan and Xiaolangdi Dam sediment did not related;Heishiguan runoff has the strongest effect on Huayuankou which are mainly concentrated in the main period of 0-9 years in 1965-1996,that incidents Heishiguan has a sustained ,stable effect on Huayuankou bore flow; Heishiguan sediment runoff has the strongest effect on Huanyuankou which are mainly concentrated in the main period of 4-10 years in 1958-1970 and 0-6 years in 1956-1962,Heishiguan sediment has a certain effect on Huayuankou,but the overall impact is not;Yiluo River runoff inflow has a significant effect on the Yellow River,but the sediment sinks into the little impact on the Yellow River.

The distributed hydrological model HEC-HMS is applied to build the rainfall-runoff model calculating the local inflow of giant reservoir group in Xijiang Ｒiver Basin． It was unable to get the local inflow，so it used 2006－2008 measured data of 7 hydrological stations in the study area to calibrate and validate parameters，which was adopted to simulate the local inflow in the whole basin． Study shows that the model has strong applicability in the Xijiang Ｒiver Basin，and can be used for local inflow forecasting of the reservoirs in the basin，which provides technical supports for the safe operation and optimization of reservoirs．

In this paper, improvements are made to vector space model, which is then employed to address problems about decision making in multi-objective operation of reservoir group. Firstly, after being evaluated via certain indicators, each proposed scheme is denoted by a directed line segment whose cosine value with the ideal scheme is calculated, thus obtaining the mapping distance between the vector of the proposed scheme and that of the ideal one. Next, we develop an optimal vector space model for decision in multi-objective operation of reservoir group. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the model are verified by results of an example. The methodology in this paper proves simple and clear, with a certain degree of universality and transferability, plus a particularly noteworthy advantage in terms of the distinctiveness among computed results and the model's extendibility.

The robust theory was introduced into the Auto-Regressive model (AR) parameter estimation.In the real-time correction of the floods, the robust theory was used to estimate the parameter of Auto-Regressive(AR), withstand the observations of interference in outliers. Thus ensuring the accuracy of real-time flood forecasting. Selecting the 5 floods in Shuiji Basin , Calibrating the AR model parameter by the method of the recursive least-squares and robust recursive least-squares.The result of calculate show that the result of recursive least square method and robust recursive least squares were similar when there are no outliers.And the When the observations have outliers, robust least square results are better than the least squares method.

Based on the traditional theory of ecology-ecological asset per unit area and the application of improved terrestrial ecosystem，Key Parameters Ｒemote Sensing Inversion and Value System，the study builds the model of remote sensing inversion，which can apply to the quantification of river basin ecological asset，the comprehensive assessment of ecological assets temporal and spatial pattern from 2000 to 2015 of Changdang Lake Basin，and the objective assessment of ecological assets trends，with a view to provide scientific basis for the sustainable use of ecological resources in the basin． At the same time，the execution of ecological assets assessment is a concrete practice to implement the policy from the General Secretary Xi Jinping，“lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”．

The rural drinking water safety has been paid much attention by more and more people. Rural drinking water quality standard exceeding and pollution will be a direct threat to peasants' health. Therefore, the monitoring of rural drinking water safety is an efficient way to reduce the risk of water quality standard exceeding and pollution. The sensor node and GPRS gateway were designed which suitable for rural drinking water quality information acquisition to solve the existing problems as bad real time capability and low efficiency. The sensor node uses a STM32F103VET6 as the processing core, a WLK01L39 RF chip and its peripheral circuits was used as the wireless communication module, and the ASI water quality sensors were used as the sensing module. As same as the sensor node, the GPRS gateway also uses STM32F103VET6 and WLK01L39 as the processing core and RF chip respectively, and uses WG-8010 as the GPRS communication module. The sensor node was designed to collect water quality information such as temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen, etc. The data which collected by sensor nodes transferred through wireless network to the other nodes, and remote uploaded by the GPRS gateway. The mean current consumption of sensor nodes raged from 23.45mA to 32.82mA under operating mode and 0.026mA under sleeping mode, and the mean current consumption for the GPRS gateway raged 30.12mA to 57.43mA and 0.026mA under sleeping mode. The results showed that the low power design of nodes can meet the long-term working requirements. The remote acquisition error range of pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature were 0.63%~1.67%, 1.10%~2.20% and 2.23%~2.27%, respectively. The results of the 43-day networking experiment indicated that the average PLR of network was 2.08%, which can meet the requirements for stable transmission of network data. In conclusion, the design of sensor node and GPRS gateway was suitable for effective monitoring of water quality of rural drinking water source.

Catchments of Dongzhuanggou ( DZG) and Yangjiagou ( YJG) in the gully region of Loess Plateau were selected as the research area，and DZG has been kept in the natural soil，while YJG has been reforested with vegetation． The relationship between infiltration water influencing depth and forest coverage，soil texture and topography were revealed based on the detections of ground-penetrating radar( GPＲ) ，dye infiltration experiments and monocyclic infiltration experiments． The results show that the ertical heterogeneity formed by the joint，fractures and big pore formation within 10 ～ 20 cm loess is strong，and it shows increasing trend from valley to gully slope． With the increasing soil depth in the range of 0 ～ 1 m below the surface，the soil density increases and the saturated permeability coefficient decreases． The reduction of saturated infiltration coefficient in the forest covered catchment is smaller than the brush covered catchment，which because of large pores development in the forest covers catchment． The soil moisture changes strongly within the scope of the 20 cm，and is proportional to the topographic index． Based on these conclusions，the supplied channels of deep groundwater and the runoff region near the valleys are inferred．They provide the basis for revealing water cycle rules and rainfall-runoff formation mechanisms in different underlying surface conditions of loess plateau areas．

This study uses four methods to estimate the ecological base flow of Hutubi Ｒiver，the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains． Tennant method has been improved，the most withered month of years average flow method，90% reliability of the most withered month average flow in each year method and model year divided method Ｒesults: ①Tennant method for the minimum ecological base flow for general ( October-March in next year) is 0．055×108 m3; for water phase of fishes spawning young ( April-September) is 1．253×108 m3．The minimum ecological base flow of the most withered month of years average flow method is 0．052×108 m3．The minimum ecological base flow of the 90% reliability of the most withered month average flow in each year method is 0．072 8×108 m3．The minimum ecological base flow of the model year divided method is0．166×108 m3．②Comparing the four methods，the average value of runoff by using the most withered month of years average flow method is close to the measured average value． And the average value estimated by improved Tennant method are not only close to the measured average value，but the mathod can also divide the using water in a year meticulously． so improved Tennant mathod is more suitable to reflect the ecological base flow of Hutubi

To realize the flood storage potential of numerous lakes in Wuhan City is an effective measure to prevent waterlogging． In July，2016，serious waterlogging disasters occurred in Nanhu and Tangxunhu Areas，which was a direct consequence of extreme weather and natural disasters，and an indirect consequence of urban construction． Based on the actual rainfall and drainage data，we estimate the water level of Nanhu Lake and the flood storage potential of Dongsha Lake． Then suggestions are given: On the one hand，we should pay attention to the ecological protection of water system，strengthen the dredging of river courses and lakes． On the other hand，urban lakes should be considered as a huge“sponge”body，connected to realize optimal regulation．

The valuation of forest ecosystem services ( ES) is a tool to measure the costs and benefits from diversity of ES beyond the traditional market． The reasonable estimation of ES value is the prerequisite to determine the limit of eco-compensation standard． The characteristic of the ecosystem and its service function determines the spatial scale of eco－compensation． Based on the types and calculation methods of watershed ES，the evaluation method of ecological value of forest ecosystem in the watershed was put forward according to the comparison of various calculation methods，the reliability of calculation results，and the landscape characteristics of the study area． Taking the Shanxi Ｒeservoir in Feiyun Ｒiver Basin as an example，the ecological value of the four service functions of water supply，regulation，culture and support services was calculated，and the value of forest ES was determined to be 7．062 billion yuan/a． To realize the overall fairness，coordination and sustainable development of the basin，the lower reaches of the watershed is necessary to compensate the upstream to conserve water，clean up the environment，reduce the soil loss，the value of the compensation value should be 1．498 billion yuan/a，about 21% of the value of ecological services．

Evapotranspiration is an important factor for evaluating regional heat and water resources under the change of climate． Spatiotemporal variation of evapotranspiration in Ebinur Lake Basin were calculated based on daily temperature，precipitation，sunshine duration，wind speed and relative humid from 10 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2012． The results show that annual，spring，summer and autumn ET0 has increased significantly and winter ET0 decreased in the recently 52 years． The annual ET0 have a strong increasing trend with the rate of 9．27 mm/10 a and a periodic of 15 years，and abrupt in 1987． In view of the spatial distribution pattern，the value of annual，spring，summer and autumn ET0 increased from southern region to northern region． Whereas，the value of winter ET0 increased from western region to eastern region． The annual，spring，summer and autumn ET0 strongest in the central region of Ebinur Lake Basin and increased slightly in northern and southern region of the study area，which presented the similar spatial decreasing trend of winter ET0 ． ET0 decreased continuously from 1960s to 1980s，and increased from 1980s to 2000s． The minimum decadal value of ET0 happened in 1980s and the maximum decadal value of ET0 happened in 2000s． The meteorological factors have strong correlation with the variation of ET0 ． Among which，temperature have robust influence on ET0 ． This paper can provide references for the study of changes in water resources as well as for environmental protection and management in arid and semiarid region in China．

A hybrid excitation hydro-generator ( HEHG) for small-scale hydropower station is proposed to solve the existing problems such as low efficiency for small electric excitation hydro-generator and grid-connected difficulties for permanent magnet hydro-generator． Basic structure and working principle of the HEHG are expounded． Based on a 300kW electric excitation hydro-generator，the magnetic flux density of each part and the amount of the main material for HEHG are calculated by the magnetic circuit method． The economic benefit and environmental benefit of the hybrid excitation generator are analyzed by comparing the electric excitation hydro-generator． The HEHG has high operating efficiency and wide air gap magnetic field regulating ability to meet the requirements of grid connection，while considerable economic and environment benefits are brought about．

When low head lock-and-dam projects discharge water，problems generally come up that the energy dissipation is not sufficient and the downstream river bed is flushed severely by water flow，which can directly threaten the safety of discharge structures and even the whole water control project． This paper，by comparing 10 groups local scour test of different test materials under the same hydraulic condition，studies the mechanism of local scour，analyzes the velocity and the flow patterns of scour place; summarizes the influence of uneven coefficient and porosity on the scouring results． On this basis，the paper presents a new empirical formula on incipient velocity of aggregate by comparing the formula offered by Lzzy Baath formula and by using the curve fitting method，which might provide some references for the selection of materials in the future local scour test．

In order to make the safe and reliable operation of the pumping system and reduce the engineering investment, using multi-objective particle swarm algorithm to optimize the calculation of water hammer protection, closing law with one-way surge tank diameter, initial liquid level, pump outlet valve as the design variables, the target is the maximum 、minimum pressure and tank volume. According to the requirements and specifications of the project, the scope and the constraints of the design variables are determined, through the iterative calculation, the optimal design of the one-way surge tank and the valve closing scheme are determined. The results show that the optimized tank volume effective decreased 41%, the maximum water hammer pressure decreases 168.5m, the multi-objective optimization problem of the algorithm can be effectively applied to water hammer protection, has been a reliable and economical protection scheme.

This paper focuses on the operation of the storage project，transient characteristics of large discharge and long distance pressured pumping station pipeline system are studied，the numerical model has been built and numerical tests are carried out． Ｒesponses of the maximum，minimum pressure value of the pipeline，the maximum reversed flow and the maximum reversed rotational speed of the pump and their durations are taken into consideration by the different control measures of the butterfly valve closing time and the first closing valve angle． The studies show that the maximum pressure dropping is decided by the quick closing stage，and the maximum pressure rising is determined by the slow closing stage，and according to the characteristics of the control parameters，the paper can determine the two stage valve closing time of a“feasible control region”． The conclusions of the studies can be used to determine the optimal transient valve control of pumping station for the water conveyance project．

Study on runaway characteristics of axial flow pump is very important in the research of safe and stable operation of pump unit. According to the characteristics of axial flow pump runaway state, the CFD software Fluent, the dynamic mesh technology based on finite volume method were used for three-dimensional transient numerical simulation of the axial flow pump to analyse runaway state of Datao axial pump unit. Internal characteristics and external characteristics parameters of axial pump unit were obtained in the runaway state. At the same time, it is found that runaway speed、 axial force of blade、the impact of the inlet and outlet and separation of flow increased with the increase of head. Comparison of numerical simulation and model test showed that change laws of runaway speed with the head and the experimental results agreed well, the error was less than 5%, numerical simulation had good accuracy. The dynamic mesh technology can be better used in 3D numerical simulation of the internal flow dynamic changes under the condition of axial pump unit’s runaway. The results can provide a theoretical reference for the study of runaway state.

The mid-long-term optimal operation plays an important role in improving the utilization efficiency of water resources，but using the constant efficiency coefficient causes the calculation results to be imprecise of optimization model． In order to solve this problem，by analyzing the influencing factors of efficiency coefficients，and selecting reservoir water level and power flow ( or power efficiency) as the main influencing factors，then building load optimal distribution in-plant to obtain the relationships between outputs，water level and comprehensive efficiency coefficients，which apply to the mid-long-term optimal operation model of hydropower stations． The Mianhuatan Hydropower Station is chosen as the case study，and results show that: the method proposed in this paper differs from the method of constant efficiency coefficient in multi-year average power generation by 4．34%; The change rule of efficiency coefficient acquired in this method is more consistent with the production fact． Therefore，this method has a good reference for the mid-long-term delicacy management of hydropower stations．

The short-term optimal operation is of great significance for the efficient utilization of water resources，while frequent variation of load process produces a constraint on the feasibility of scheme made by the optimal operation and it also brings difficulties to optimize the hydropower operational system． This paper focuses on Tianyi Hydropower Station，its load process consists of three characteristic loads，including the peak load the middle load and the base load． By promoting two characteristic coefficients: base load coefficients and peak-shaving coefficients，which are mathematically related to the characteristic load，a fast method for making hydropower stations＇ short-term optimal operation plan is proposed． The dimension of mathematical model has been successfully reduced by the proposed method，making a great progress on the flexibility and feasibility of optimal results． The case study indicates that this method could not only find the optimal solution but also determine the economically operational range of load process．

Potential safety hazard identification is a necessary procedure to eliminate hidden dangers，prevent accidents and improve working conditions． In order to improve the efficiency of safety hidden danger identification，it analyzes topological psychology physical limitations of potential safety problems，physical attributes and semantic constraints，multi-level information on deep-processing analysis，rural workers hydropower as subjects performed eye movement experimental studies，extracted safety hazards and identified eye features． The results show that: ①When security risks identification，the initial fixation time difference is small． ②The section operating personnel to identify safety problems，the time to identify safety problems has decreased as time goes by． ③Workers＇ ability to identify differences，common-sense security risks compared to other types of safety hazards are easy to identify．

After years＇ operation，the performance of Yingxiuwan power units are declining seriously，which is not conducive to the stable and efficient operation of the unit． Firstly，the use of modern means of hydraulic design of Yingxiuwan Hydropower Station Old runner ( A36) has optimized new runner ( A606c) ，then the numerical simulation of the new and old runner is carried out by using the computational fluid dynamics ( CFD) method，a comparative analysis is made of various indicators of the old and new runner． The research shows that the new runner is better than the old one in the index． And the actual situation of Yingxiuwan Power Plant shows that the optimization design of the runner can satisfy the requirements of the transformation．

This paper presents a quantitative study of the value of water culture by using the Hedonic Price Method ( HPM) for the first time and comparing several quantitative methods． Qinhuai Ｒiver Scenery Belt is used as an example，20 parameters are selected to survey 310 houses on both sides of the scenery，the optimal logarithm model is obtained，and the partial elastic coefficient of each parameter is analyzed．The results show that it is feasible to use the HPM to quantitatively evaluate the cultural value of the Qinhuai Ｒiver，and the logarithm model is reliable． The independent variable“the distance to the Qinhuai Ｒiver Scenery Belt”and the dependent variable“the residence price”has a negative correlation． The change of the residence price is 25．5% as the distance to the Qinhuai Ｒiver Scenery Belt varies 1%，which quantitatively reflects the contribution of the Qinhuai Ｒiver Scenery Belt to the real estate economy．