The selection of SWMM model parameters greatly affects the accuracy of the simulation results. Under different terrain slopes and rainfall intensities， the sensitivity of the parameters in SWMM runoff calculation is different. On the basis of qualitative analysis， some potential sensitivity parameters are selected for further quantitative analysis. Three catchments with different terrain slopes in the Lianghe Area of Jiujiang City are selected， combined with different levels of rainfall conditions， with improved Morris Method used to output the total runoff and peak flow as the output parameters. The （pervious and impervious） surface roughness， rainfall runoff infiltration parameters and conduit roughness have carried on the analysis and calculation of the sensitivity of parameters. The results show that with total runoff as output parameter， surface roughness and infiltration parameters are more sensitive when there is rainstorm in the gentle slope area. With the runoff peak as an output parameter， conduit roughness is the most sensitive parameter， and the sensitivity of surface roughness under different slopes and different rainfalls is complicated and variable.

In order to further study the water quality distribution characteristics and pollution status of the main and tributaries of the Xining section of the Huangshui River Basin， from January 2018 to December 2019， 24 water quality parameters of 10 rivers including the Huangshui Mainstream and its tributaries are investigated month by month. The distribution characteristics of water quality in Xining section of Huangshui River Basin are analyzed based on the historical monitoring data in recent decades. The single factor evaluation method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on principal component analysis are used to comprehensively evaluate the water pollution in Xining section of Huangshui River Basin. The results show that from 2010-2019 the water quality of Xining section of Huangshui River Basin showed a significant improvement trend on the whole， and Section of water quality that meets or exceeds class III standards increased from 40% to 80%. The seasonal distribution of water quality was obviously affected by runoff. By means of principal component analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation， the results showed that pollution degree of Huangshui Basin was Ganhegou> Huangshui> Nanchuan> Beichuan> Shatangchuan> Xiaonanchuan> Yunguchuan> Yaoshui River> Xinachuan> Lala River. Water pollution was highly compatible with the degree of urbanization development. The results can better provide technical support for Xining urban river governance and ecological restoration.

Rapid and accurate prediction of river water quality is an important task of urban water management strategy. However， River water quality factors have the characteristics of time series， instability， and nonlinearity， and are affected by many factors， which will cause differences in spatial and temporal dimensions. Most of the existing water quality factor forecasting methods are time series forecasting at a single monitoring station， which cannot describe the spatial distribution of river water quality factors. In this paper， we proposes a spatiotemporal prediction model of river water quality （STG-LSTM） on account of spatio-temporal graph convolution and long-short-term memory neural network. Based on the historical observation values of the geographic location and water quality factors of each monitoring station， construct a time-space map to characterize the time-space correlation between each monitoring station. Input the space-time diagram into the STG-LSTM model， using graph convolution （GCN） to obtain the spatial dependence of river water quality factor data and fusing the long and short-term memory neural network （LSTM） to obtain the spatio-temporal correlation of the water quality factor data， we realized the future period temporal and spaltial prediction of water quality at different locations in the canal section. The data sets of four different water quality factors at eight monitoring stations on the Changzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal were used for verification. The model was compared with six other prediction models in terms of prediction accuracy and training time， and the reliability of the model was tested. The experimental results show that STG-LSTM can obtain high prediction accuracy with a short training time and realize rapid and accurate prediction of water quality at different locations of the river. Most but not the least， they provide technical support for urban water management.

The improved normalized difference water body index （MNDWI） proposed by Xu Hanqiu is further studied， and the improved eutrophic water body index （MEWI） is proposed. The experimental results show that the MEWI index has not only excellent extraction effect on the boundary of ultra green algae eutrophic water body but also an overall extraction accuracy of 89.5%， which is better than NDWI （85.5%），ESWI （87.5%） and NEWI （87%） the overall accuracy of the water body index， and the MEWI index for the shadow distinction between water body and non water body is 0.38， which is better than NDWI （0.14）， ESWI （0.16） and NEWI （0.10） Discrimination of water body index. NDWI， ESWI， NEWI and other water body indexes cannot eliminate the interference of algae containing eutrophic water body， and their extraction accuracy is reduced due to the mixing of building and other information. The experiment shows that MEWI index is less affected by sediment factors than other indexes， which is very helpful to water body monitoring in the flood season. At present， most of the research on the information extraction of this kind of ultra green eutrophic water body is only aimed at extracting the water body itself， ignoring its impact on the extraction of the overall water area. The proposal of MEWI index can effectively solve this problem.

Under the combined influence of climate change and highly intensive anthropogenic activities， the natural hydrological regimes of rivers have changed to some extent， interfering the structural stability and the function of riverine ecosystems. Ecological water requirement assessment is very important to the maintenance of river ecosystem health and is one of the important research contents in water science. The improved monthly frequency calculation method based on the Copula function is proposed to calculate the ecological flow and applied in a case study of the Qujiang River. The joint distribution between the monthly average flow and the annual average flow is constructed by using the Copula function. Based on the correlation between the conditional probability of the monthly average flow and the joint probability， the conditional probability target of the monthly average flow in the dry year is set up， and the joint probability is calculated. The design frequency of the monthly average flow is calculated by the joint probability function， and the design value of the monthly average flow is analyzed according to the marginal distribution function and checked for reasonableness. The results show that the Clayton Copula function has a good fitting effect on the joint probability distribution between the monthly average flow and the annual average flow of the Qujiang River. The basic ecological water requirement of the Qujiang River is 2.12 billion m³， accounting for 36% of the multi-year mean annual runoff. The analysis results of the improved monthly frequency method based on the Copula function pass the rationality test of “Specification for the Calculation of Environmental Flow in Rivers and Lakes”， and are relatively safe in riverine ecological security. This method considers the frequency difference between annual average flow and monthly average flow and is an effective method for ecological flow assessment. The research results can provide a scientific basis and technical support for the development and utilization of water resources and the protection of river ecological environment in the Qujiang River， and have an important reference value for the evaluation of ecological water demand and the construction of water ecological civilization in other river basins.

The water and sediment fluxes and their composition have changed greatly in the Three Gorges Reservoir （TGR）， which has an important influence on the operation of the TGR. Based on the long series of water and sediment data of important control stations to TGR， the changing process and causes of each group of water and sediment to TGR are systematically studied by statistical analysis method. The results show that the inflow runoff of TGR has little change， and the sediment discharge decreases significantly， which is mainly caused by the decrease in sediment transport from Jinsha River after the impoundment of TGR. Annual runoff of components has no obvious changing trend， but the variation of composition of sediment discharge ratio is bigger. Affected by the impoundment of the Xiluolu and Xiangjiaba Reservoir， the sediment from Jinsha River accounted from the biggest to the smallest area after 2013， the sediment from tributary increased， and the Jialing River and Tuojiang River become the main source of the storage of the TGR， and the riverbed of Xiangjiaba to Zhutuo reach changes from silting to scouring， which becomes an important part of the sediment source to TGR at the same time.

Hydropower project not only benefits human society by regulating water supply， but also directly affects the natural hydrological regime of a river and ecosystem in river channels. For the sustainable development of both human society and ecosystem， it is necessary to achieve the balance between the water supply from the reservoir and water demands from both human society and relevant natural ecosystems. In this study， the influence of Pangduo Reservoir on hydrological regime in the Lhasa River Basin is investigated. Daily reservoir inflow， regulated outflow and reservoir storage in 2014-2020 are used to evaluate the effects of the reservoir operation through the Range of Variability Approach （RVA）. In total， 32 flow indices that cover the flow magnitude， timing， frequency and duration which represent the full hydrological regime are designed and examined for the reservoir operation impacts in the Lhasa River. To better preserve the temporal continuity in the occurrence of extreme events， vector analysis is adopted. Results show that the Pangduo Reservoir has affected the overall hydrological regime in the Lhasa River to a medium level. The effects are especially serious in extreme low flow events that occur in winter and spring. Specifically， average flow in January， March and May， annual 1-day minimum flow， annual consecutive 30-day minimum flow， and the timing of the annual 1-day minimum flow increases and has reached a change degree of 100% according to the RVA standard. The overall alteration in the hydrological regime by the reservoir reached a degree of 62.21 % during 2014-2020， a moderate level by the RVA standard. In general， the Pangduo reservoir operation increased low flow but reduced high flow， which is common for reservoir operation. What is special for the Pangduo Reservoir, however, is its effects on low flows which are more severe than on high flows. The study demonstrates that the Pangduo Reservoir operation will perhaps result in a detrimental effect on river ecosystems if the current regulation continues. Although the major goal of the Pangduo Reservoir operation is to meet the demands from agriculture and municipality for social and economic developments， it should also seriously take the health of the Lhasa River ecosystems into consideration during the operation to strike a balance between the human and nature’s needs in the future. This study provides a timely assessment of the Pangduo Reservoir operation which will benefit future water resource management operation in the Lhasa River Basin.

In order to study the influence of the linear shaped pier on the inflow into the curved forked river， this paper uses the Tongcheng Sluice as the research model. Firstly， the most complex flow pattern is selected from different working conditions， and then based on the worst flow pattern， a linear shaped pier is set at different positions in front of the gate and the bend. The flow field parameters are respectively measured in Tongcheng Sluice’s curved model， and the angle index between the inlet velocity vector and the direction of the gate pier is established to analyze the state of the curved forked river. At the same time， the FLUENT software is used for numerical simulation verification. Tecplot software is used for post-processing analysis. Finally， the optimal rectification scheme is selected based on the physical model. The results show that the angle deflection coefficient between the gate inlet velocity vector and the gate pier direction can directly evaluate the pros and cons of the inlet flow state. A linear shaped pier is placed in front of the gate. As the linear shaped pier is closer to the gate， the flow pattern in front of the gate will be more chaotic. In addition， the vortex in the bend can be significantly improved by setting a linear shaped pier in the bend， and the linear shaped pier is arranged 20 m from the convex bank on the center line of the bend， and the flow state in front of the bend and gate are significantly improved.

In view of the different characteristics of the natural river runoff， a calculation method of ecological water demand， which takes into account the variation of annual runoff， is put forward， the upper and lower thresholds shall be set at the same time in flood seasons. Compared with Tennant method and distributed flow method， the results show that the performance of variable interval threshold method is not inferior to that of distributed flow method， and the distribution of noninferior solution set is more uniform than that of Tennant method， it is beneficial to resist the invasion of the saltwater tide， the discharge of the reservoir is larger in March and May， which is beneficial to the ecological environment and the spawning period of the fishes， and the dependence of the runoff data in the dry season is reduced， which is easy to calculate. It enriches the existing calculation methods of ecological water requirement and provides technical support and reference for related research.

The typical loess plateau area- Changwu Plateau and the Wangdonggou small watershed on the edge of Changwu Plateau is selected as the study area. The precipitation， soil water within the depth range of 0~15 m under different surface vegetation types， well water and spring water are selected. The composition characteristics of the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in each water body are compared and analyzed， and then the groundwater replenishment method in the loess plateau area is judged. The results show that： ① The local atmospheric precipitation line formula （LMWL） is δ ²H=7.38δ ¹⁸O+4.75（R ²=0.94， n=60）， and the isotopic composition of precipitation and the deuterium surplus shows a seasonal trend of decreasing first and then increasing. ② The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of soil water samples are distributed at the lower right area of LMWL， and the distribution is relatively discrete. The local soil water evaporation line （SWEL） is δ ²H = 6.15 δ ¹⁸O -13.78（R ²=0.79，n=178）. The soil water stability isotope changes in the 0~3.5 m soil layer are relatively drastic， while the lower layer changes in a wave-like manner with depth. The distribution of stable isotope soil water in the deep profile has a small abrupt change point， indicating that plug flow and preferential flow co-exist during the process of soil water infiltration. ③ Combined with an analysis of the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic characteristics of rainwater， soil water and groundwater， groundwater in the loess plateau area is mainly recharged by the dual infiltration of soil water through plug flow and preferential flow.

In order to fully understand the current situation of water resources utilization in the cities in the Taihu Basin under the background of the most stringent water resources management system， this paper summarizes the existing problems， and explores the future development direction of sustainable water resources. Based on the perspective of water footprint， it studies the utilization of water resources in the Taihu Basin and eight cities including Shanghai in the basin from 2015 to 2019，combined with the LMDI（Lograrithmic Mean Divisia Index method） model to analyze the driving effect of population，wealth， and technical level on the changing in water footprint，and build an evaluation index system for the sustainable use of water resources.The results show that the total water footprint of the Taihu Basin has been declining in the past five years，the industrial and agricultural water footprints have been declining，and the domestic water footprint has been rising.Among the cities，Shanghai has the largest total water footprint and Jiaxing has the smallest.Technical level factors have the greatest impact on water footprint change，and population factors have the least impact.The degree of affluence and population are positively driven，and the technical level is negatively driven.The water footprint structure of the Taihu Basin is relatively stable，Shanghai and Suzhou are highly dependent on external water resources. The overall water footprint benefit continues to increase，with significant differences among cities in each indicator；the ecological security situation of the water footprint is not optimistic，but it has shown a continuous improvement in the past three years.The research results indicate that in the future， cities in the Taihu Basin should increase investment in water-saving technologies， techniques and equipment when formulating and adjusting water resources management policies，promote the efficient development and utilization of agricultural and industrial water，strengthen the management of domestic water quotas，and pay attention to the pressure of population growth on water resources，continuously improve the utilization rate of water resources，and realize the sustainable use of regional water resources.

There are two problems in the calculation of water flow evolution between cascade hydropower stations in the basin. One is that due to the imprecision of storage capacity curve， discharge characteristic curve and unit consumption characteristic curve， there are inevitable errors in the calculated outgoing water volume and the change of storage capacity during the period， resulting in water imbalance between cascade hydropower stations. Second， the “sawtooth” phenomenon in the process of inflow flow obtained by short-term calculations is serious. To solve the two problems， this paper proposes a daily inflow forecasting method affected by the regulation of the upstream reservoir. The inflow is divided into two parts： the inflow of the upstream reservoir and the runoff of the interval. Taking the day as the length of the period， and based on the water balance theory， Muskingum confluence coefficient methodand API model， a correction coefficient is introduced into the river routing of the outflow of the upstream reservoir to deal with the problem of interval inflow or diversion， API model is used to calculate the interval runoff process. The practical application of Xijin Reservoir in Yujiang River Basin shows that the periodic Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient （NSE） is 0.943 and the inspection period Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient （NSE） is 0.914. This method fully considers the basic principle of hydrology and the actual operation of hydropower stations and reservoirs in the basin， which can effectively solve the problem of water imbalance between cascade hydropower stations and effectively avoid the fluctuation of inflow in a short period of time.

In order to explore the effects of precipitation， potential evapotranspiration， runoff and groundwater in the water-receiving areas of Yintao First-stage Project， the water-receiving areas of Yintao First-stage Project in central Gansu Province are taken as study areas， remote sensing and WRF model are used to simulate precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in 2015， 2017 and 2020 and the variation of runoff of Taohe River Basin， Zuli River Basin and groundwater level in Dingxi City regarded as typical water-receiving areas are analyzed based on the actual observation data. The results show a trend of first decrease and then increase in potential evapotranspiration while the trend of increase in the mountainous areas and winter since Yintao First-stage Project was operated. The discharge of rivers in water-receiving areas has a significant increasing trend and the groundwater-level is constantly changing and generally rises by 1~2.5 m. Overall， the results of this study will provide basic data and methods for further research on the impact of the Yintao Project on water resources in arid areas.

In order to solve the problems of difficulty and low efficiency in selecting water resources allocation scheme， a multi-attribute decision-making method of water resources allocation scheme based on Pythagorean fuzzy set with interval value and PROMETHEE algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly， the interval fuzzy decision matrix of decision-makers is constructed， and the weights of decision-makers and attributes are determined by the distance of relative proximity coefficient method， entropy method and Pythagorean fuzzy number. Secondly， the comprehensive weight and IVPFWA operator are used to aggregate the decision matrix of each decision-maker into the comprehensive matrix， and then the final ranking results of water resources allocation schemes are obtained by PROMETHEE method. Finally， the algorithm used in this paper to select the optimal water resources allocation plan in City S as a case， and through comparison with the results of other methods， it finally shows that the method in this paper can accurately determine a reasonable water resources allocation plan， and the method is effective and reliable.

In order to reveal the impact of landuse on rainfall-runoff characteristics of the basin under changing environments， a lumped hydrological model MODHYDROLOG is selected to simulate the daily runoff in the Lijiang River Basin from 2008 to 2016. Under the scenarios of human activities and climate change in different periods， the correlation between landuse and time-varying parameters of the model is analyzed to reveal the changes of rainfall-runoff characteristics of the basin， and the dynamic quantitative perception of watershed characteristics affected by human activities is explored. The results show that the MODHYDROLOG model can simulate perfectly the daily runoff process of Lijiang River Basin， with NSE and R^{\mathrm{2}} both exceeding 0.7 and D_v within 0.2%. Most landuse changes are closely related to groundwater-related parameters， such as dlev， k1 and k3， and some are related to vegetation-related parameters in different degrees， while the infiltration and depression-related parameters does not show significance. The analysis of the impact of landuse on runoff generation shows that cultivated land and forest inhibited the rise of groundwater base level has increased deep groundwater leakage and promoted the exchange of base flow， which is conducted to the recharge of aquifer to river channel， while the mechanism of water areas and urban and rural areas is opposite. Grassland has reduced the proportion of interflow and increased the recharge of groundwater. The results of this research can provide a reference for the hydrological simulation and prediction of watershed under changing environments.

In order to improve the solution accuracy of hydrogeological parameters， taking two groups of pumping test data as examples， the Hunger Games Search （HGS） algorithm is introduced for the first time. The objective function is to minimize the mean sum of squares of the difference between measured and simulated depth drawdown to optimize the solution of water conduction coefficient and water storage coefficient of Theis formula. Based on the evaluation indexes， the results are compared with those of five intelligent optimization algorithms， such as Golden Sine Algorithm （Gold-SA）， Aquila Optimizer（AO）， Whale Optimization Algorithm （WOA） and Archimedes Optimization Algorithm （AOA）. The results show that HGS Algorithm has good global optimization ability and robustness in groundwater parameter inversion. In comparison， HGS Algorithm has not only the highest inversion accuracy but also the smallest error value of evaluation index. Nash efficiency coefficient value is closest to 1， and the comprehensive performance is the best. Therefore， the HGS algorithm can effectively improve the solution accuracy of hydrogeological parameters， and provide a new solution method for groundwater parameter inversion.

This paper takes Felaixia Reservoir as the research object.In order to study the impact of different flood types and frequencies on inundation of temporary storage and detention area，one dimensional， two dimensional and hydraulics coupling models were constructed. The model parameters were calibrated by using two annual floods of “62·8” and “82·5”， and the measured data of two historical floods in July 2006 and June 2008 were used to verify the model.After calibration and verification， a total of eight different working conditions were designed based on two typical floods of “62·8” and “82·5”， which were 300，200，100，50 years in recurrence interval. The highest water level of typical sections along the river， inundated area of flood storage and detention area and the arrival time of the flood peak were counted. The population and housing survey data on DOM and DEM superimposed graph were used to analyze the submergence risk of four temporary and detention areas.The results show that the temporary flood storage and detention area will suffer different degrees of inundation，when the Feilaixia reservoir is defending against a flood in more than 50 years.Therefore， it is urgent to strengthen engineering and non-engineering measures to reduce flood disaster risk.

The water conservancy information system involves many businesses， complex software system and many types and models of hardware equipment. After the system is completed， it is often faced with the problem of how to operate and maintain. In case of system failure， abnormal monitoring data or business data， it is necessary to check the software and hardware operation of the whole system one by one. Most of them rely on personal engineering operation experience. The troubleshooting takes a long time and is difficult to find the root cause， which seriously affects the safe and stable operation of water conservancy projects. In order to solve the above problems， based on the analysis of water conservancy data transmission link， this paper establishes the binary decision tree model of water conservancy data link troubleshooting， configures the attribute monitoring items of link nodes， and realizes the rapid fault location of water conservancy information system through the method of traditional monitoring combined with decision tree reasoning. It has been formally used in a long-distance water conveyance project， and the application effect is good.

The construction of intelligent pump station is the basis and one of the data sources for realizing intelligent water conservancy， and it is the typical application of intelligent water conservancy. The intelligent pump station is that the advanced measurement， industrial Internet， data fusion， artificial intelligence， big data and other technologies are applied to realize comprehensive perception， reliable data transmission， intelligent data storage and fusion， efficient collaboration， intelligent monitoring， predictive maintenance， standardized management and data service for objects and management activities such as the pump unit， power transformation and distribution equipment， hydraulic structures and so on. Firstly， the architecture of intelligent pump station， including perception layer， communication layer， data layer， application layer and interaction layer， is introduced. Then， the requirements of four key parts in the unified data platform： data modeling， data collection and integration of heterogeneous systems， intelligent storage strategy， and data sharing and publishing are presented. The contents and requirements of eight intelligent applications related to the intelligent pump station， including intelligent monitoring， optimal scheduling and operation， intelligent safety monitoring， intelligent maintenance， intelligent inspection， intelligent management， data analysis and visualization， palm pump station， are described in detail. The construction of intelligent pump station is the basis of realizing the safe， efficient， economic operation and fine management of pump stations.

In order to study the hydraulic performance of different impellers in the same pump device， two pairs of axial-flow impellers with similar performance are selected based on a vertical pump device. The flow conditions of two pairs of impellers in the same pump device are analyzed by numerical simulation method， and the external characteristics of the pump device are tested by the model test. According to the results of numerical simulation model test， the pressure distribution on the surface of two impeller blades under the same head is compared. The pressure pulsation values at different measuring points and the flow velocity vector diagrams inside the impeller guide vane are compared under multiple working conditions， the influence of impeller on other flow parts is also analyzed. The numerical simulation results show that to meet the design requirements， different impeller running conditions are different. Under the corresponding design conditions， the pressure distribution on the blade surface of the two impellers is obviously different. The pressure difference at the blade head is the reason for the large amplitude of pressure pulsation at the impeller inlet， the vortex in the guide vane blade leads to the prominent low-frequency pressure pulsation in the guide vane blade， the velocity distribution inhomogeneity of guide vane outlet is consistent with the hydraulic loss of outlet passage.The model test results show that the pump efficiency of the two impellers is basically the same， but the cavitation performance is different. The numerical simulation results agree well with the model test results， which verify the reliability of the numerical simulation.

The internal flow characteristics and performance prediction of the axial flow pumping system is simulated by using N-S equation combined with k-ε standard turbulence model through the commercial Computation Fluid Dynamic （CFD） applications. The experimental test data of pumping system is obtained from the flow range of 22~40 kg/s， and 7 flow values are selected. The results show that a good agreement is achieved between the small flow condition and the design flow conditions.The large flow condition is complicated under the enclosed suction sump， in which a considerable difference with experimental data exists. Meanwhile， the results indicate that the obvious wall vortex is captured at the same position above the horn tube， which verifies the effectiveness and reliability of the numerical simulations.

Now fault monitoring of hydraulic control outlet valve of centrifugal pump is still lacking in condition monitoring and fault diagnosis system of pumping station.Take a pumping station of a Yellow river diversion irrigation area as an example， the method of fault monitoring of hydraulic control outlet valve of centrifugal pump was proposed. Based on water hammer calculation the pressure head of pressure measuring point with time when operating pump was normal stop.Comparing with experiment result， the two were basically close. The pressure heads of pressure measuring point with time under maximum and minimum net head at certain closing law of hydraulic control valve when operating pump was normally shut down can be obtained by water hammer calculation and then sum of squares for the difference of pressure head under maximum and minimum net head at every moment in calculating period.The fault monitoring indicator ε of hydraulic control outlet valve of centrifugal pump can be obtained by correction. E can be obtained by the sum of squares for the difference of pressure head from water hammer calculation under maximum net head and measuring in operating of pump. If E is greater than ε， there may be a fault for hydraulic control outlet valve of centrifugal pump. After practical engineering application， the method of fault monitoring of hydraulic control outlet valve of centrifugal pump is effective.

In order to solve the problems of low operation efficiency of water supply pumping station and operation under design conditions， the minimum input power of the pumping station is taken as the objective function， and the constraint conditions such as the high efficiency area of the pump operation are considered to establish the operation optimization model of the pumping station. The particle swarm algorithm is used to solve the model. Aiming at the problem of premature results and low convergence accuracy of the particle swarm algorithm， the algorithm parameters are adaptively improved， and simulated annealing and Cauchy mutation operations are added. The test function verification proves that the improved particle swarm algorithm has a significant improvement in the optimization accuracy compared to APSO-DA and other optimization algorithms， and has good search stability. It is applied to the optimization scheduling problem of pumping stations， the pump start and stop losses are considered， the optimal scheduling plan for daily operation of the pumping station is determined. The optimization results show that the energy consumption of the improved scheduling scheme is reduced by 9.36% compared with the original scheme， and the energy saving effect is obvious.

Integrated agricultural water pricing reform is an important strategic measure of the “water-saving priority” policy to promote agricultural water-saving in China. Jiangsu as a pioneer and explorer of the reform is the first province which had completed the reform by the end of 2020. To effectively promote the reform， Jiangsu first issued the acceptance method for integrated agricultural water pricing reform （AMIAWPR） in 2019.AMIAWPR is a guide for Jiangsu’s reform， and can also be an important reference for other reformed provinces.This paper first analyzes the consistency between Jiangsu’s reform goals， tasks， and national reform requirements，and then comprehensively evaluates the suitability of the assessment indicators in AMIAWPR. Finally， the indicator system of “looking-back reform performance” for Jiangsu’s subsequent reform is preliminarily constructed.

The water delivery of pipelines in mountainous areas is faced with problems such as large elevation difference and high water head. In order to meet the downstream water use requirements，energy dissipation and pressure reduction measures need to be set in the downstream area. At present，the most economical and practical measure is orifice energy dissipation. The orifice plate has simple structure，low manufacturing cost，high energy dissipation rate and can well meet the working requirements. Thus it is more and more widely used in throttling and pressure reduction. There are many studies on single orifice and multi-stage orifice plates，but there are too few studies on porous orifice plates. In order to explore the changes of flow field characteristics and energy dissipation rate after setting porous orifice in pressurized pipeline，global structured grid and global unstructured grid are adopted for comparative analysis in this paper. In addition，pressure-based type and transient is adopted in the solver setup. So as to truly reflect the flow characteristics，gravity is considered. Besides，the Realizable k- \epsilon model is used to simulate the flow field and energy dissipation rate of five different types of orifice plates and the wall function method are used to deal with the boundary conditions. The results show that： The results of using global unstructured grid and the Realizable k- \epsilon model are in good agreement with the experimental results，and the maximum relative error is 6.81%. The research on the flow field characteristics behind different porous orifice plates shows that when the water flows through the orifice plate，the flow movement state changes under the influence of its narrow flow. After passing through the orifice plate，the pressure decreases rapidly，and a vortex area is formed in the back，and the length of the reflux area formed by different types of orifice plates is different. Research findings on energy dissipation rate of different porous orifice plates shows that the energy dissipation rate of porous orifice is closely related to the opening rate and Re. The smaller the opening rate is，the better the energy dissipation effect is，The highest energy dissipation rate is 97.1%； The dissipation rate increases rapidly with the increase of the Re and then slowly increases，The maximum increase is 7%. Through dimensional analysis and curve fitting，the empirical formula of energy dissipation rate of porous plate is obtained，The relative error between the calculated value and the measured value is controlled within ± 6%.

The solution method of water hammer calculation boundary condition of the complex connecting valve groups of parallel water conveyance pipelines is studied. Through the calculation formula of valve coefficient， the series or parallel valves are simplified into a single valve， so the connecting valve groups composed of multiple parallel valves are simplified. Based on the characteristic method of water hammer calculation and the valve flow formula， the nonlinear equations for the boundary conditions of the simplified connecting valve groups are obtained， and the methods of directly solving or iteratively solving the nonlinear equations under different valve opening or closing states are given. For a large gravity flow water conveyance project， the water hammer calculation of cutting off the water conveyance of some pipe sections by opening or closing the complex connecting valve groups in the normal maintenance process is carried out. The calculated hydraulic fluctuation has good continuity and consistency， and there is no numerical anomaly in the opening and closing process of the valve groups， which proves the correctness of the derived solution method. The results provide a method for accurately calculating the boundary conditions of complex connected valve groups.

In the construction project of Shuidishan Reservoir in Shenshan Cooperation District， the UAV oblique photogrammetry technology is used to obtain the real 3D model of the project area， combined with manual measurement， diversified geographic information data are obtained. Based on this， BIM forward design is used to complete project formulation. The real 3D model， digital elevation model of the survey area and reservoir BIM model are used as the foundation of spatial data. The function of three-dimensional visual analysis and calculation is realized and the UAV oblique photogrammetry is successfully applied to the BIM design of the project， by serving the design and construction management of reservoir construction projects better， it provides a technical reference for the fusion application of UAV oblique photogrammetry technology and BIM Technology in reservoir construction projects.

To study the centrifugal pump problem caused by below-standard installation of the large diameter suction pipe， various visualization experiments are conducted to analyze the law of gas-liquid two phase flow in the suction pipe. It shows that since the suction pipe is not straight， gases are locked in the pipe by liquids. Thus， the key to solving this problem is making the pipe a vacuum. With high position and strong pressure of the locked gases， a simply device is created to make the pipe a vacuum. The findings can revise the relevant design specification， and be a good reference for similar projects.

The full-flow pump is a new mechatronics product combining tubular pump technology and submersible motor technology and the purpose of this paper is to test the hydraulic performance of the full-flow pump device and understand the real operation status of the pumping station. To study the external characteristics of the full-flow pump device with model test， this paper takes Longkungou North rainwater drainage pumping station as an example and then analyzes and evaluates relevant data. When the blade angle is fixed at +2 degrees， the maximum efficiency of the prototype device is 65.25%， when the flow rate is 15.35 m³/s and the head is 2.16 m. Within the range of test head， the NPSH of Longkungou North rainwater drainage pumping station is sufficient， which will not cause cavitation hazards. The runaway speed corresponding to the maximum head is 216 r/min， which is 1.49 times of the rated speed. Under the condition of original design head， the operation efficiency of the pump device is low， which does not meet the designed efficiency requirements of the pump station and it’s verified that the energy characteristics， cavitation characteristics and runaway speed characteristics corresponding to the design head of the pump device can meet the requirements after the clearance is adjusted between the impeller shell and the impeller outer ring and reducing the precision error of model test. The size of full-flow pump is relatively small and it has a compact structure and excellent hydraulic performance， which has a good prospect and can be adopted in low head and large flow pump stations.

In order to explore the water and nitrogen management mode of rice， pit rice planting experiments of combining deep percolation and nitrogen application are performed under controlled irrigation and drainage. The experiment is set up with two water treatments， low deep percolation L（3mm/d） and high deep percolation H（5 mm/d）， and five levels of nitrogen application at N0（0 kg/hm²），N1（150 kg/hm²）， N2（225 kg/hm²），N3（300 kg/hm²），N4（375 kg/hm²） for the whole growth period， a total of 10 treatments. The effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on rice yield， quality and water-fertilizer use efficiency are explored. The results show that rice yield increases and then decreases with the increase in N application under the same deep percolation treatment， and reaches the maximum of L-N2 treatments， excessive nitrogen fertilizer input not only causes lower rice yield， but also decreases water-fertilizer use efficiency and eating quality. The low deep percolation treatment shows a trend of increasing yield compared with the high deep percolation treatment， while the low deep percolation treatment can effectively improve water use efficiency. Overall， the water-nitrogen management mode for the N2 treatment under the low deep percolation conditions is closest to the goal of high-yield， high-quality and high-efficiency. This study is of great significance to strengthening the scientific management of water and nitrogen in agricultural fields， improving the water and nitrogen production efficiency and promoting the sustainable use of resources.

As drainage pumping station plays an important role in regional drainage， it is of great practical significance to study the optimal operation of drainage pumping station. In this paper， according to the different drainage scenarios （such as daily drainage， superstandard drainage， pre-lowering water-level stage and emergency drainage stage）， a nonlinear optimization model of single adjustable-blade pump unit is constructed， with the multi-objective of maximum water discharge and minimum power consumption cost in a certain time. Then one-dimensional dynamic programming method is used to solve the model， and a series of optimal decision schemes corresponding to different costs are obtained， including shutdown， startup and blade angle in every period， and maximum water discharge and unit cost drainage. Taking the daily operation optimization of single unit in drainage pumping station as an example， the influences of different shutdown constraints on the results of variable angle optimization are analyzed， and the optimal operation suggestions are put forward respectively for different drainage scenarios， including daily drainage， super -standard drainage， pre-lowering water-level stage and emergency drainage stage. The research conclusion provides a decision-making reference for the optimal scheduling scheme of drainage pumping station in flood seasons.

In order to explore the effects of ecological ditch on reducing agricultural non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus in different observation periods and identify the key reduction period in Guangxi， nitrogen and phosphorus concentration was monitored at Dongcun Village in Xing’an County from May 2019 to April 2021. Based on the monitored data， the variations of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration， nitrogen composition and reduction efficiency were analyzed in different observation periods of dry seasons， rainy seasons， spring， summer， autumn and winter. The results showed that the average concentrations of ammonium nitrogen（NH₄ ⁺-N）， nitrate nitrogen（NO₃ ^--N）， total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） during the whole monitoring period were 5.62~19.84， 2.38~4.00， 15.30~28.18 and 0.50~1.26 mg/L， respectively. The average ratios of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^--N concentration to TN concentration at the monitoring points along the ecological ditch were 0.04~0.90 and 0.02~0.66， respectively， and the average ratios of NH₄ ⁺-N in autumn， winter and dry season was 0.41~0.90， which were significantly higher than those in other seasons. The reduction efficiency relative to the water inlet of each monitoring point along the ecological ditch was obvious， and the reduction efficiency of NH₄ ⁺-N， NO₃ ^--N， TN and TP were 0.31%~1.10%，0.07%~1.69%，0.31%~1.07% and 0.30%~0.91%， respectively. Autumn and winter were the key periods for the reduction of NH₄ ⁺-N， TN and TP， while the reductions of NO₃ ^--N were the highest in summer and autumn.

Crop planting structure extraction based on remote sensing images has been widely used in practice， in which the selection of classification features and samples are the key factors affecting the extraction accuracy. In order to explore the influence of different classification features and samples on the extraction accuracy of crop planting structure， with the study area in Zhangye Irrigation Area in Gansu Province， this paper uses support vector machine supervised classification method of studying the extraction accuracy of crop planting structure of spectral and temporal NDVI classification features under different samples. The results show that： ① With the increase in the number of samples， the accuracy of the spatial distribution of the identified crop planting structure gradually increase to a stable state. ② The average error of corn area extracted by temporal NDVI is 2.82%， the average overall classification accuracy is 84.8%， and the average Kappa coefficient is 0.81. The accuracy of crop planting structure based on temporal NDVI feature extraction is better than that of spectral feature extraction.③When the number of samples per 10km² in the study area is 3~4， the samples can maintain the best training effect. The research results can provide an important reference for improving the extraction accuracy of crop planting structure.

In order to improve the hydraulic performance of submersible axial flow pump and improve its internal flow state， the orthogonal test method is used to optimize the design of submersible axial flow pump. The impeller， guide vane and wellbore are selected as test factors. Each factor takes three levels， and a three factor and three-level orthogonal scheme is designed. Each scheme is tested， and the numerical simulation results of these 9 groups of schemes are analyzed to obtain the optimal scheme. Through a range analysis， the primary and secondary order and optimal parameter combination of impeller， guide vane and wellbore of submersible axial flow pump are obtained. The test results show that the number of guide vanes has the greatest influence on the head and efficiency of submersible axial flow pump. At the design operating point， the head and efficiency of the optimal scheme selected by a comprehensive analysis are improved. The parameter matching of the optimal scheme can effectively reduce the hydraulic loss of the submersible axial flow pump， improve its hydraulic performance and improve the internal flow of the pump section so as to achieve the purpose of optimal design.

Due to the problems of large unit vibration and serious wear of overcurrent components in Shaping Hydropower Station for many years of operation， it is necessary to increase the capacity of the units to improve the safety and annual power generation of the power station. In this paper， according to the layout of the water diversion system， based on the mathematical model of unit output and combined with the measured data of the power station， the actual roughness of the water diversion system under stable conditions is calculated. The results show that the average deviation between the measured values and the calculated values of the surge chamber water level and the turbine head is less than 0.9%， which proves the accuracy of the numerical model and the feasibility of the roughness adopted. In the case of keeping the size of the original hydraulic structure and foundation pit unchanged， the runner diameter increases from 2.03 m to 2.10 m， which is feasible to increase the total capacity of the station by 5%.The maximum and minimum surge water levels of surge chambers with load loss or load increase can still meet the design specifications of surge chambers and the existing elevation layout requirements. Therefore the capacity- increasing transformation of Shaping Hydropower Station is feasible.

The matching rationality of the guide vane airfoil with the runner has many influences on hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbine. In some of the small and medium-sized power plants that have been built， due to the unreasonable selection and design of the flow passage of the power station， the airfoil of the guide vane does not match the runner， resulting in a prominent problem of pressure pulsation in the vaneless space. In order to study the influence of guide vane airfoil on the pressure pulsation vaneless space of the medium specific-speed Francis turbine， a medium specific speed （n_s =190） Francis turbine that needs to be modified is taken as an example. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional transient flow field is performed on the turbine flow passage which composed of three guide vane airfoils， with negative curvature， symmetrical and negative curvature and the same runner under different heads. The influence of matching different types of guide vanes on the hydraulic performance of the turbine is analyzed， focusing on the influence of the pressure pulsation in the vaneless space. The results show that the use of negative curvature guide vanes for the medium specific-speed Francis turbines that need to be modified has a significant effect on the improvement of efficiency and output. Due to the increase in the vaneless space of the medium specific-speed Francis turbine， the pressure pulsation in the vaneless space is more complicated. The low-frequency pulsation of the turbine with the guide vane of negative curvature is improved compared with that of the turbine with the other two airfoils， and the periodicity and regularity of the circumferential pressure pulsation are also better.

Aiming at the problems of excessive heat and humidity in the underground workshop of hydropower stations and the single operating state of dehumidifiers， this paper takes a hydropower station in central China as an example， and designs a set of damp and heat environment optimization system based on the RS-485 protocol and fuzzy intelligent control method for sub-regional dehumidification. It introduces the structure and function of the humid and hot environment optimization system in detail and proposes a fuzzy intelligent control method for the sub-zonedehumidifier that considers the relative humidity error and the relative humidity error rate of change. The system can meet the requirements of the production and operation of hydropower stations， and it is conducive to improving the damp and heat environment of the hydropower plants and the level of intelligent operation of hydropower stations.

In order to enhance the role of large hydropower plants in the grid for peak and frequency regulation and the operational control level of hydropower enterprises， the generation control technology of hydropower units in automatic mode is studied， and the algorithm process of early start-stop in the slope smoothing start-stop mode is proposed. The co-linked control strategy with primary frequency regulation and the exception handling strategy are proposed in combination with this start-stop mode， and the effectiveness of the above method is verified based on the application example of Fengman Power Plant. It can be concluded that the smoothing effect of the start-stop process can be improved with the reasonable selection of the early start-stop time.